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Danau Nyos, danau luas yang terdapat di kawasan Kamerun, Afrika Barat. Kedalaman danau ini mencapai 157 m dengan bagian terdalamnya 208 meter. Ada banyak penduduk yang tinggal dilembah di sekeliling danau Nyos.
Namun, pada tahun 1986, terjadi keanehan di pemukiman penduduk itu. Sekitar 1700 orang meninggal secara mendadak dan bersamaan.
Yang lebih anehnya, semua penduduk yang meninggal itu tewas dalam posisi ketika sedang melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari.
Ada yang tewas sambil memompa air, sedang memasak dan ada juga yang tewas ketika sedang meminum segelas air. Beberapa orang yang selamat dari peristiwa itu menceritakan apa yang terjadi pada hari orang-orang tersebut meninggal.
Katanya, pada malam sebelum kejadian itu, udara tiba-tiba terasa hangat dan tercium bau seperti telur busuk. Masyarakat tidak terlalu memperdulikan kejadian itu.
Dan tiba-tiba keesokan paginya, banyak mayat yang bergelimpangan ketika mulai sibuk dengan aktivitas harian mereka.
Tidak ada yang tahu pasti apa yang menjadi penyebab kematian yang aneh itu. Namun para ahli menemukan, kalau warna air Danau Nyos berubah dari bening menjadi warna oranye terang.
Untuk mencari jawaban, para ahli kemudian meneliti Danau Craten di Oregon. Danau ini adalah danau terluas nomor tujuh di dunia.
Luasnya mencapai 50 km persegi dengan kedalaman 594 meter.
Sehingga digambarkan kalau Empire State dimasukkan ke danau ini, pasti akan tenggelam. Danau Craten menampung sekitar 19 triliun liter air. Sekitar 7700 tahun yang lalu, Gunung Mazame ditempat itu meletus dan melemparkan puncak gunungnya.
Kawah inilah yang kemudian membentuk Danau Craten. Namun, ternyata aktivitas gunung Mazame masih tetap mempengaruhi danau tersebut. Karena dibawah danau ternyata masih terdapat kolam-kolam bekas magma yang masih tetap panas. Para ahli menemukan bahwa suhu air di dasar danau lebih hangat beberapa derajat, kadar garamnya juga sepuluh kali lebih pekat dan MENGANDUNG BANYAK CO2. CO2 ini kemudian merembes dari celah-celah kerak bumi dan menuju ke kawah yang kini telah menjadi danau. Namun, keberadaan air telah menghalangi CO2 itu naik ke udara. Kalaupun ada sedikit yang terlepas, masih bisa hilang terbawa hembusan angin. Sehingga tidak terlalu membahayakan.
Proses pergantian musim juga sangat mempengaruhi. Pada musim dingin, perputaran air akan terdorong ke bawah karena suhu dibawah lebih hangat. Sebaliknya pada musim panas, perputaran air akan naik ke atas. Siklus inilah yang kemudian membuat munculnya lapisan-lapisan air yang berbeda kadar kepadatannya.
Lapisan air yang paling bawah lebih pekat daripada yang diatas. Di lapisan air yang paling bawah inilah CO2 yang mengalir dari dasar bumi itu tertahan. CO2 tidak bisa naik lebih tinggi karena perbedaan kepekatan air di lapisan atasnya. Sehingga berkumpul dan terakumulasi selama puluhan tahun dan menjadi sangat banyak di lapisan air yang paling bawah.
Fenomena ini kemudian ditemukan juga pada Danau Horseshoe yang berukuran lebih kecil dari Danau Craten. Pohon-pohon yang tumbuh di sekitar danau itu mengering dan akhirnya mati. Setelah diselidiki, ternyata kadar CO2 di danau ini mencapai 100 ton/hari dan meresap ke tanah. Inilah yang membuat pohon-pohon di sekitarnya mati.
Para ahli kemudian melakukan percobaan dengan menggali sedikit tanah di tepi danau itu lalu mencoba menyalakan api. Namun, akibat pekatnya kadar CO2 nya, api langsung padam begitu didekatkan dengan tanah. Ternyata akumulasi CO2 yang sudah sangat banyak di danau itu akhirnya meluap dan menyebabkan danau itu menjadi sangat berbahaya. Namun, kadar CO2 di Danau Horseshoe tidak terlalu membahayakan manusia, karena batas kadar yang membahayakan adalah 1,75 juta ton.
Dan ini hanya akan terjadi pada peristiwa gunung meletus.
Penemuan-penemu an inilah yang kemudian membantu para ahli untuk bisa menyimpulkan apa yang terjadi di Danau Nyos. Malam hari sebelum peristiwa itu, ada sebuah tebing di tepian danau, runtuh dan masuk ke air. Diperkirakan reruntuhan tebing ini telah menggoncang lapisan-lapisan air.
Sehingga lapisan paling dasar yang dipenuhi dengan CO2 menjadi pecah dan mengalirkan CO2 dalam jumlah besar ke permukaan danau.
Keesokan paginya aliran CO2 ini kemudian memasuki wilayah pemukiman penduduk. Dan karena CO2 tidak berwarna dan tidak berbau, penduduk tidak menyadari kedatangannya. Itulah yang menyebabkan banyak penduduk yang tewas ketika sedang mengerjakan kegiatan hariannya.
CO2 ini seperti pembunuh yang mengintai diam-diam. Mungkin hanya segelintir orang saja yang menyadari adanya bahaya tak kasat mata yang terdapat di dasar danau yang terlihat sangat indah di permukaannya itu. Tanpa mereka sadari, mereka telah menghirup CO2 yang berasal dari lapisan paling dasar danau, yang telah terakumulasi selama puluhan tahun. Dan banyak sekali orang yang meninggal karena itu.
Namun, pada tahun 1986, terjadi keanehan di pemukiman penduduk itu. Sekitar 1700 orang meninggal secara mendadak dan bersamaan.
Yang lebih anehnya, semua penduduk yang meninggal itu tewas dalam posisi ketika sedang melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari.
Ada yang tewas sambil memompa air, sedang memasak dan ada juga yang tewas ketika sedang meminum segelas air. Beberapa orang yang selamat dari peristiwa itu menceritakan apa yang terjadi pada hari orang-orang tersebut meninggal.
Katanya, pada malam sebelum kejadian itu, udara tiba-tiba terasa hangat dan tercium bau seperti telur busuk. Masyarakat tidak terlalu memperdulikan kejadian itu.
Dan tiba-tiba keesokan paginya, banyak mayat yang bergelimpangan ketika mulai sibuk dengan aktivitas harian mereka.
Tidak ada yang tahu pasti apa yang menjadi penyebab kematian yang aneh itu. Namun para ahli menemukan, kalau warna air Danau Nyos berubah dari bening menjadi warna oranye terang.
Untuk mencari jawaban, para ahli kemudian meneliti Danau Craten di Oregon. Danau ini adalah danau terluas nomor tujuh di dunia.
Luasnya mencapai 50 km persegi dengan kedalaman 594 meter.
Sehingga digambarkan kalau Empire State dimasukkan ke danau ini, pasti akan tenggelam. Danau Craten menampung sekitar 19 triliun liter air. Sekitar 7700 tahun yang lalu, Gunung Mazame ditempat itu meletus dan melemparkan puncak gunungnya.
Kawah inilah yang kemudian membentuk Danau Craten. Namun, ternyata aktivitas gunung Mazame masih tetap mempengaruhi danau tersebut. Karena dibawah danau ternyata masih terdapat kolam-kolam bekas magma yang masih tetap panas. Para ahli menemukan bahwa suhu air di dasar danau lebih hangat beberapa derajat, kadar garamnya juga sepuluh kali lebih pekat dan MENGANDUNG BANYAK CO2. CO2 ini kemudian merembes dari celah-celah kerak bumi dan menuju ke kawah yang kini telah menjadi danau. Namun, keberadaan air telah menghalangi CO2 itu naik ke udara. Kalaupun ada sedikit yang terlepas, masih bisa hilang terbawa hembusan angin. Sehingga tidak terlalu membahayakan.
Proses pergantian musim juga sangat mempengaruhi. Pada musim dingin, perputaran air akan terdorong ke bawah karena suhu dibawah lebih hangat. Sebaliknya pada musim panas, perputaran air akan naik ke atas. Siklus inilah yang kemudian membuat munculnya lapisan-lapisan air yang berbeda kadar kepadatannya.
Lapisan air yang paling bawah lebih pekat daripada yang diatas. Di lapisan air yang paling bawah inilah CO2 yang mengalir dari dasar bumi itu tertahan. CO2 tidak bisa naik lebih tinggi karena perbedaan kepekatan air di lapisan atasnya. Sehingga berkumpul dan terakumulasi selama puluhan tahun dan menjadi sangat banyak di lapisan air yang paling bawah.
Fenomena ini kemudian ditemukan juga pada Danau Horseshoe yang berukuran lebih kecil dari Danau Craten. Pohon-pohon yang tumbuh di sekitar danau itu mengering dan akhirnya mati. Setelah diselidiki, ternyata kadar CO2 di danau ini mencapai 100 ton/hari dan meresap ke tanah. Inilah yang membuat pohon-pohon di sekitarnya mati.
Para ahli kemudian melakukan percobaan dengan menggali sedikit tanah di tepi danau itu lalu mencoba menyalakan api. Namun, akibat pekatnya kadar CO2 nya, api langsung padam begitu didekatkan dengan tanah. Ternyata akumulasi CO2 yang sudah sangat banyak di danau itu akhirnya meluap dan menyebabkan danau itu menjadi sangat berbahaya. Namun, kadar CO2 di Danau Horseshoe tidak terlalu membahayakan manusia, karena batas kadar yang membahayakan adalah 1,75 juta ton.
Dan ini hanya akan terjadi pada peristiwa gunung meletus.
Penemuan-penemu an inilah yang kemudian membantu para ahli untuk bisa menyimpulkan apa yang terjadi di Danau Nyos. Malam hari sebelum peristiwa itu, ada sebuah tebing di tepian danau, runtuh dan masuk ke air. Diperkirakan reruntuhan tebing ini telah menggoncang lapisan-lapisan air.
Sehingga lapisan paling dasar yang dipenuhi dengan CO2 menjadi pecah dan mengalirkan CO2 dalam jumlah besar ke permukaan danau.
Keesokan paginya aliran CO2 ini kemudian memasuki wilayah pemukiman penduduk. Dan karena CO2 tidak berwarna dan tidak berbau, penduduk tidak menyadari kedatangannya. Itulah yang menyebabkan banyak penduduk yang tewas ketika sedang mengerjakan kegiatan hariannya.
CO2 ini seperti pembunuh yang mengintai diam-diam. Mungkin hanya segelintir orang saja yang menyadari adanya bahaya tak kasat mata yang terdapat di dasar danau yang terlihat sangat indah di permukaannya itu. Tanpa mereka sadari, mereka telah menghirup CO2 yang berasal dari lapisan paling dasar danau, yang telah terakumulasi selama puluhan tahun. Dan banyak sekali orang yang meninggal karena itu.
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