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Bngsa yang kalah, cenderung mengikuti bangsa yang menaklukkannya dalam hal cara berpakaian, berbahasa, dan dalam berbagai aspek kebudayaan lainnya. Namun, ada kalanya bangsa penakluk yang justru pada akhirnya terpengaruh oleh bangsa yang ditaklukkannya.
Fenomena semacam ini sebetulnya bisa dilihat pada kasus raja-raja Norman yang menguasai Sisilia. Mereka merebut dan menguasai pulau di Italia Selatan itu dari tangan kaum Muslimin, tapi kemudian mereka sendiri terpengaruh oleh kebudayaan kaum Muslimin di wilayah tersebut yang memang lebih maju dari kebudayaan Barat pada masa itu. Hanya saja, hal ini tidak berlangsung terus menerus, dan kaum Norman sendiri tidak pernah memeluk Islam sebagai agama mereka. Pada akhirnya, populasi Muslim di wilayah tersebut semakin menyusut dan ketika kendali gereja Katolik makin kuat, maka pengaruh Islam di wilayah tersebut bisa dikatakan lenyap sama sekali.
Tulisan kali ini akan membahas kisah penaklukkan besar-besaran oleh sebuah bangsa yang belakangan justru takluk dan tunduk pada kepercayaan dan kebudayaan bangsa yang ditaklukkannya. Ya, para penakluk tersebut adalah bangsa Mongol, dan yang ditaklukkannya adalah kaum Muslimin, di samping bangsa-bangsa lainnya. Ini terjadi pada abad ke-13. Fenomena ini memperlihatkan kepada kita bahwa kedigdayaan militer sebuah bangsa tidak otomatis menjadikan bangsa tersebut mampu memberikan pengaruh jangka panjang terhadap bangsa-bangsa lainnya yang berhasil ditaklukkannya. Kekuatan militer hanya memberikan kemampuan kontrol secara fisik saja. Pengaruh terbesar tidak datang dari kekuatan fisik semacam ini, melainkan dari sistem keyakinan dan penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan yang lebih unggul. Kedua hal yang terakhir ini tidak dimiliki secara baik oleh bangsa Mongol.
Dunia di abad ke-13 tidak pernah membayangkan akan lahir seorang seperti Temujin dan akan ada penaklukkan besar-besaran oleh bangsa Mongol. Hal semacam itu sudah lama berlalu sejak era Attila the Hun dan Alexander the Great. Temujin berhasil menyatukan suku-suku Mongolia di bawah kepemimpinnya dan mendapat gelar Genghis Khan pada tahun 1206. Penyatuan suku-suku Mongol ternyata tidak menjadi tujuan akhir Temujin, melainkan hanya permulaannya saja. Seperti dikatakan dalam sebuah ungkapan, “ketika kamu makan, nafsu makanmu bertambah.” Ini juga yang berlaku pada bangsa Mongol di bawah kepemimpinan Genghis Khan dan anak cucunya. Ketika sebuah wilayah berhasil ditaklukkan, nafsu untuk menaklukkan wilayah lainnya tidak berhenti, malah semakin kuat.
Bersatunya bangsa yang masih terbilang barbarik itu, menjadi suatu ledakan yang apinya menjalar cepat dan meruntuhkan peradaban-peradaban yang jauh lebih maju di sekitarnya. Satu per satu kerajaan-kerajaan di China dan Rusia, kesultanan-kesultanan Islam di Afghanistan, Asia Tengah, Persia, bahkan pusat kekhalifahan di Baghdad, hingga wilayah-wilayah Eropa Timur, rontok dan tak mampu membendung laju kuda-kuda Mongol yang agak pendek dan gesit itu. Bagi dunia Islam, penaklukkan oleh Mongol ini mungkin dilihat sebagai suatu pendahuluan, sekaligus miniatur keluarnya Ya’juj Ma’juj pada akhir zaman.
Kengerian yang ditimbulkannya seolah belum hilang di tempat-tempat yang pernah diserbu oleh pasukan Genghis Khan. Saat berkunjung ke Herat, Afghanistan, Mike Edwards mendengar komentar masyarakat tentang peristiwa yang berlaku tujuh setengah abad yang lalu itu, seolah baru saja terjadi sehari sebelumnya. “Hanya sembilan saja! Seluruh yang masih bertahan hidup di sini – sembilan orang!” seru seorang warga tua saat menggambarkan serangan Mongol ke kota itu (National Geographic, Desember 1996). Dan Herat bukan satu-satunya kota yang menerima nasib buruk dari pasukan Mongol.
Wilayah China Utara diinvasi oleh Mongol pada tahun 1211. Cucu Genghis Khan, Kubilai Khan, menyempurnakan penaklukkan China pada tahun 1279, sekitar setengah abad setelah kakeknya meninggal. Dinasti Mongol di China dikenal sebagai Dinasti Yuan.
Pada tahun 1219, pasukan Mongol menyerang kesultanan Khawarizmi dan merebut kota-kota penting, seperti Bukhara dan Samarkand. Dari sana, pasukannya menyerbu ke Utara dan mengalahkan pasukan Rusia. Kemudian berbalik arah lagi dan menaklukkan wilayah-wilayah Afghanistan dan Iran. Setelah kematian Genghis Khan, proses penaklukkan sama sekali tidak berhenti, malah semakin kuat. Pada tahun 1258, Hulagu Khan bahkan menyerang ibukota Kekhalifahan Bani Abbasiyyah di Baghdad dan menyebabkan simbol utama kepemimpinan dunia Islam itu runtuh. Dari sana, pasukan Mongol terus menginvasi Syria dan Palestina, serta berusaha masuk ke Mesir, tapi tertahan oleh tentara-tentara Mamluk Mesir melalui pertempuran Ayn Jalut. Penaklukkan Mongol atas dunia Islam terhenti di situ. Sementara di Utara, tentara-tentaranya terus menginvasi Eropa Timur hingga ke Laut Adriatik, dan nyaris meneruskannya hingga ke Eropa Barat.
Terlepas dari kemampuan militernya yang hebat, Mongol tidak menonjol secara kebudayaan. Walaupun para pemimpin Mongol mengundang para ahli ke pusat pemerintahannya untuk membangun negeri itu, tetapi bangsa Mongol sendiri tidak tampil sebagai ilmuwan, sastrawan, atau arsitek. Mereka tetap memainkan peran yang sama sebagaimana sebelumnya, yaitu sebagai tentara dan penunggang kuda yang tangguh. Kekosongan di lapangan peradaban otomatis diisi oleh bangsa-bangsa lainnya, dan kaum Muslimin memiliki peranan yang besar dalam hal ini.
Sejak awal perkembangannya, Genghis Khan sendiri sudah mengambil aspek kebudayaan Muslim untuk diterapkan bagi kemajuan bangsanya. Ia mengadopasi aksara Uyghur ke dalam bahasa Mongol dan memercayakan pendidikan anak-anak lelakinya pada kalangan Uyghur juga. Kendati bersikap sangat kejam terhadap lawan-lawan yang ditaklukkannya, sikap para pemimpin Mongol di luar pertempuran terhadap para ulama dan agamawan serta tempat-tempat ibadah relatif toleran. Hampir sebagian besar aspek peradaban di wilayah-wilayah Muslim yang ditaklukkan tetap diisi dan dikembangkan oleh para ahli Muslim. Bahkan satu-persatu pemimpin Mongol sendiri akhirnya masuk Islam.
Berke Khan (kami akan menulis secara khusus tentang beliau dan wilayah Golden Horde yang dipimpinnya pada kesempatan lain), salah satu pemimpin Mongol di wilayah Golden Horde yang mencakup Rusia dan sebagian Asia Tengah, termasuk yang awal masuk Islam. Ia ikut berperan menghalangi Hulagu Khan yang masih terhitung familinya sendiri dari upayanya menguasai seluruh Syria serta dari keinginannya merebut Mesir. Berke marah dan memerangi Hulagu karena yang terakhir ini telah meruntuhkan kekhalifahan Islam di Baghdad. Dinasti Il-Khan yang didirikan Hulagu sendiri pada akhirnya berubah menjadi dinasti Muslim. Sejarah Mongol ditulis terutama oleh para sejarawan Persia Muslim seperti Ala al-Din Juwaini dan Rashid al-Din Hamadani yang bekerja pada pemerintahan Mongol.
Keadaan di China tidak kalah menarik. Di bawah Dinasti Yuan, banyak posisi penting pemerintahan dan ilmu pengetahuan diisi oleh orang-orang Islam. Ketika dinasti ini runtuh pada pertengahan abad ke-14, posisinya digantikan oleh Dinasti Ming yang dalam beberapa sumber dikatakan sebagai sebuah dinasti Muslim. Sejak masa Dinasti Yuan, kaum Muslimin di China sudah dikenal sebagai orang-orang yang terpelajar. Pada masa Dinasti Ming, peran mereka jadi lebih menonjol lagi. Cheng Ho, yang dikenal sebagai salah satu admiral terbesar sepanjang sejarah dan disebut-sebut telah tiba di benua Amerika tiga perempat abad lebih dulu dari Colombus, merupakan pelaut Muslim yang mengabdi pada masa awal keberadaan Dinasti Ming. Kaum Muslimin memang telah ditaklukkan oleh bangsa Mongol yang bersatu padu dan kuat secara militer. Namun pada akhirnya justru mereka yang menaklukkan bangsa Mongol melalui sistem keyakinan dan pengetahuan mereka yang lebih menonjol.
Pada hari ini, kaum Muslimin juga telah takluk oleh peradaban Barat yang lebih ungul dalam hal militer dan pengetahuan. Namun, di sela-sela kekalahan tersebut, kita masih dibuat heran dengan begitu banyaknya masyarakat Eropa dan Amerika yang masuk Islam. Umat Islam berada di posisi yang lemah dan tak berdaya. Tidak sedikit dari mereka yang terpengaruh kebudayaan Barat. Tetapi itu ternyata tidak menghalangi masyarakat Barat sekarang ini berbondong-bondong masuk Islam. Begitu juga tidak sedikit gereja-gereja di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat yang dijual dan kemudian berubah menjadi masjid. Akankah fenomena yang pernah terjadi pada bangsa Mongol akan terjadi juga pada bangsa Barat, walaupun yang terakhir ini memiliki keunggulan lebih banyak dibandingkan bangsa Mongol? Akankah pada akhirnya Barat akan menundukkan diri dan menerima Islam, agama dari peradaban yang telah mereka taklukkan? Wallahu a’lam bis showab.
Artikel : hikayahhati.blogspot.com
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