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Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Saya ingin bertanya, bolehkah umat Islam merayakan ulang tahun, dan bolehkan kita memakan pemberiannya? Mohon dijelaskan.
Wasalamu"alaikum Wr. Wb.
Assalamu ‘alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,
Pembahasan boleh tidaknya masalah ulang tahun seseorang atau organisasi memang tidak disinggung secara langsung dalam dalil-dalil syar‘i. Tidak ada ayat Al-Quran atau hadits Nabawi yang memerintahkan kita untuk merayakan ulang tahun, sebagaimana sebaliknya, juga tidak pernah ada larangan yang bersifat langsung untuk melarangnya.
Sehingga umumnya masalah ini merupakan hasil ijtihad yang sangat erat kaitannya dengan kondisi yang ada pada suatu tempat dan waktu.
Artinya, bisa saja para ulama untuk suatu masa dan wilayah tertentu memandang bahwa bentuk perayaan ini lebih banyak mudharat dari manfaatnya. Namun sebalik, bisa saja pendapat ulama lainnya tidak demkian, bahkan mungkin ada hal-hal positif yang bisa diambil dengan meminimalisir dapak negatifnya.
Mengapa demikian? Karena memang tidak didapat nash yang secara sharih melarang atau membolehkannya. Tidak terdapat dalam sunnah apalagi dalam Al-Quran. Sehingga dalam satu majelis yang di dalamnya duduk para ulama, perbedaan sudut pandang pun bisa saja terjadi, tergantung dari sudut pandang mana seorang melihatnya.
Pendapat yang Mengharamkan
Sebagian ulama yang berfatwa mengharamkan perayaan ulang tahun, berijtihad dari dalil-dalil yang bersifat umum. Misalnya, dalil-dalil yang melarang umat Islam meniru-niru perbuatan orang-orang kafir. Sebagaimana sabda Rasulullah SAW:
من تشبه بقوم فهو منهم
Siapa yang menyerupai suatu kaum, maka termasuk mereka (HR. Ahmad dan Abu Dawud)
Kiranya para ulama itu memandang bahwa perayaan ulang tahun itu identik dengan perilaku orang-orang kafir. Sehingga mereka mengharamkan umat Islam untuk merayakannya secara ikut-ikutan.
Selain itu, oleh sebagian ulama, seringkali acara ulang tahun disertai dengan banyak kemaksiatan. Seperti minuman keras, pesta musik, joget, dansa, campur baur laki-laki dan wanita. Bahkan banyak yang sampai meninggalkan shalat dan kewajiban lainnya. Seringkali juga pesta-pesta itu sampai melupakan niat utama, tergantikan dengan semangat ingin pamer dan menonjolkan kekayaan. Sehingga menimbulkan sifat riya’ dan sum’ah pada penyelenggaranya.
Yang Cenderung Membolehkan
Adapun sebagian lainnya dari para ulama, mereka cenderung membolehkan ulang tahun. Dengan landasan dasar bahwa ulang tahun bukanlah ibadah ritual. Sehingga selama tidak ada larangannya yang secara langsung disebutkan di dalam nash Quran atau sunnah, hukum asalnya adalah boleh. Sesuai dengan kaidah "al-ashlu fil asy-yaa’i al-ibahah." Bahwa kaidah dasar dari masalah muamalahadalah kebolehan, selama tidak ada nash yang secara tegas melarangnya.
Adapun alasan peniruan orang kafir, dijawab dengan argumen bahwa tidak semua yang dilakukan oleh orang kafir haram dikerjakan. Hanya yang terkait dengan peribadatan saja yang haram, adapun yang terkait dengan muamalah, selama tidak ada nash yang langsung melarangnya, hukumnya tidak apa-apa bila kebetulan terjadi kesamaan.
Misalnya, kebiasaan pesta pasca panen di suatu negeri yang masih kafir. Apakah bila ada kebiasaan yang sama di suatu negeri muslim, dianggap sebagai bentuk peniruan? Tentu tidak, sebab hal itu dipandang sebagai ‘urf yang lazim, tidak ada kaitannya dengan wilayah kekufuran atau kebatilan.
Para ulama dari kelompok ini cenderung menetapkan ‘illat haramnya peniruan pada orang kafir berdasarkan titik keharamannya. Bukan semata-mata dilakukan oleh mereka. Misalnya, kebiasaan orang kafir memberikan sesaji kepada gunung yang mau meletus, maka hukumnya haram bagi muslimin untuk melakukannya.
Adapun bila ada nash secara langsung dari Rasulullah SAW untuk tidak meniru suatu perbuatan tertentu, maka wajib bagi tiap muslim untuk mengikuti perintah beliau. Misalnya, larangan Rasulullah SAW bagi umat Islam untuk mencukur jenggot dan memelihara kumis, sebab dianggap menyerupai orang kafir. Maka larangan itu tetap berlaku, meski pun orang kafir sendiri telah merubah kebiasaannya.
Beberapa Pertimbangan
Bila kita ingin meletakkan hukum merayakan ulang tahun, kita harus membahas dari tujuan dan manfaat yang akan didapat. Apakah ada di antara tujuan yang ingin dicapai itu sesuatu yang penting dalam hidup ini? Atau sekedar penghamburan uang? Atau sekedar ikut-ikutan tradisi?
Yang kedua, apa manfaat acara seperti itu? Adakah sesuatu yang menambah iman, ilmu dan amal? Atau menambah manfaat baik pribadi, sosial atau lainnya?
Yang ketiga, adakah dalam pelaksanaan acara seperti itu maksiat dan dosa yang dilanggar?
Yang keempat, bila ternyata semua jawaban di atas positif, dan acara seperti itu menjdi tradisi, apakah tidak akan menimbulkan salah paham pada generasi berikut seolah-olah acara seperti ini harus dilakukan? Hal ini seperti yang terjadi pada upacara peringat hari besar Islam baik itu kelahiran, isra` mi`raj dan sebagainya.
Jangan sampai dikemudian hari, lahir generasi yang menganggap perayaan ulang tahun adalah sesuatu yang harus terlaksana. Bila memang demikian, bukankah kita telah kehilangan makna?
Wallahu a‘lam bis-shawab. wassalamu ‘alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,
Sumber : eramuslim.com
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