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» » » Berhati-Hati Dengan Resepi Kesihatan Menggunakan Kayu Manis Kerana Ianya Boleh Menjadi Punca Ketoksikan Hati. Ini Sebabnya...
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Berhati-Hati Dengan Resepi Kesihatan Menggunakan Kayu Manis Kerana Ianya Boleh Menjadi Punca Ketoksikan Hati. Ini Sebabnya...

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HAKIKAT yang kurang diketahui ramai ialah kayu manis yang mendominasi pasaran selama ini adalah kayu manis cassia, bukan kayu manis Ceylon.

Terdapat beberapa perbezaan antara kayu manis spesies Ceylon dengan spesies cassia. Nama latin kayu manis Ceylon ialah cinnamomum verum dengan dua sinonim iaitu cinnamomum zeylanicum dan laurus cinnamomum. Pengeluar utama spesies ceylon ialah Sri Lanka diikuti Seychelles dan Madagascar.

Terdapat tiga spesies kayu manis cassia dikeluarkan oleh tiga negara iaitu China, Indonesia dan Vietnam. Nama latin kayu manis cassia berasal dari China ialah cinnamomum aromaticum dengan dua sinonim iaitu C. cassia dan C. ramulus. Spesis C. aromaticum ditanam di beberapa wilayah selatan China iaitu Guangxi, Guangdong dan Yunnan. Ia mendapat jolokan kayu manis China.

Pengeluar utama

Indonesia ialah pengeluar utama kayu manis cassia dunia yang meliputi 85 peratus pengeluaran spesies Cinnamomum burmanii. Penanaman spesies ini tertumpu di kawasan pergunungan Kerinchi, wilayah Jambi, Sumatera. Ia dikenali sebagai kayu manis Indonesia, Padang cassia, Batavia cassia atau korintje.

Vietnam pula mengeluarkan kayu manis spesies Cinnamomum loureiroi yang ditanam di utara negara tersebut. Ia dikenali sebagai kayu manis Saigon.

Di Amerika Syarikat, kayu manis Ceylon dikenali sebagai kayu manis betul manakala kayu manis cassia pula sebagai kayu manis palsu (false/fake cinnamon).

Tekstur permukaan kayu manis Ceylon licin manakala permukaan kayu manis cassia kasar. Kulit kayu manis Ceylon nipis dan rapuh manakala kayu manis cassia tebal dan keras. Kayu manis Ceylon berwarna coklat muda atau kekuning-kuningan manakala kayu manis cassia coklat tua kemerah-merahan.

Kulit kayu manis Ceylon yang nipis bergulung sepenuhnya apabila cukup kering tanpa meninggalkan ruang. Sebaliknya, kulit kayu manis cassia kering lalu menyebabkan ia tidak sepenuhnya bergulung dan membentuk ruang kosong.

Kayu manis Ceylon beraroma lembut dengan rasa tona sitrus dan manis. Kayu manis cassia beraroma sengit (berat), pedas dan pahit/kelat. Kayu manis cassia dikatakan lebih digemari ramai berbanding Ceylon kerana aroma dan rasanya menjadikan hidangan lebih lazat. Pada sebahagian orang, kayu manis cassia mungkin dianggap sebagai kayu manis betul.

Keamatan aroma dan rasa kayu manis Saigon dikatakan jauh lebih tinggi daripada kayu manis China dan kayu manis Indonesia hingga penggunaannya untuk masakan perlu dikurangkan kepada separuh.

Dari segi kandungan kimia, kajian sains mendapati kayu manis Ceylon mengandungi paras coumarin yang rendah berbanding kayu manis cassia. Kajian berjudul ‘Quantification of Flavoring Constituents in Cinnamon: High Variation of Coumarin in Cassia Bark from the German Retail Market and in Authentic Samples from Indonesia’ dan terbit dalam Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (September, 2010) mengesahkan kayu manis cassia mengandungi paras coumarin yang tinggi. Sebaliknya, spesis Ceylon mengandungi paras paling rendah.

Saintis-saintis penyelidik kajian tersebut telah menganalisa 91 sampel kayu manis yang dibeli dari kedai-kedai di German. Mereka mendapati paras coumarin pada sampel pelbagai kayu manis cassia tersebut berbeza secara ketara. Mereka meneruskan kajian dengan menganalisis sampel kayu manis cassia dari 5 batang pokok yang diterima terus dari Indonesia. Mereka mendapati paras coumarin dengan perbezaan ketara sungguhpun sampel-sampel berasal daripada pokok sama.

Secara purata, serbuk kayu manis cassia didapati mengandungi coumarin hingga 63 kali ganda berbanding serbuk kayu manis Ceylon. Kayu manis cassia bukan serbuk pula mengandungi 18 kali ganda coumarin berbanding kayu manis Ceylon bukan serbuk.

Kajian berjudul ‘Cassia Cinnamon as a Source of Coumarin in Cinnamon-Flavored Food and Food Supplements in the United States’ yang terbit dalam jurnal yang sama juga (2013) mendapati kayu manis Ceylon mengandungi coumarin pada nilai surih/kelumit. Manakala ketiga-tiga spesis cassia terutama spesis Saigon dan spesis Indonesia mengandungi paras coumarin yang tinggi.

Nota Penulis: kayu manis China dikatakan lebih manis dari kayu manis Indonesia. Rasa pahit kayu manis Indonesia mungkin berpunca daripada paras coumarin tinggi.

Kajian oleh saintis Czech berjudul ‘Assessment of Coumarin levels in Ground Cinnamon available in the Czech retail market’ yang terbit dalam Scientific World Journal (2012) mendapati 60 sampel serbuk kayu manis cassia terdiri dari 12 jenama disahkan mengandungi paras coumarin tinggi dengan purata antara 2,650 hingga 7,017 mg per kg berbanding dengan serbuk spesis Ceylon yang didapati bebas dari coumarin.

Kegunaan tradisional

Selain untuk masakan, kayu manis cassia iaitu spesies yang paling biasa didapati dijual di mana-mana juga digunakan untuk tujuan perubatan. Di China ia dikenali sebagai Rou Gui (juga dikenali sebagai Tung Hing) dan merupakan satu daripada 50 herba asas dalam Perubatan Tradisional China.

Ia juga digunakan secara tradisional antara lain untuk diabetes jenis 2, buang angin (kentut), kejang otot, kejang saluran gastro-usus, cegah loya/muntah, diarea, infeksi, demam selesema, kurang selera makan, mati pucuk, reumatisme, hernia buah zakar, simptom menopaus, tidak datang bulan dan kencing malam. Selain itu ia digunakan untuk kanser, tekanan darah tinggi, masalah buah pinggang, angina (serangan jantung awal) dan pembersih darah. Dos pengambilan kayu manis serbuk yang biasa dicadangkan oleh pakar perubatan alternatif ialah antara 2 – 6 gram sehari.

Dos coumarin terlalu tinggi iaitu antara 50-7,000 mg per hari boleh menyebabkan ketoksikan hati. Bagaimanapun masalah ketoksikan hilang apabila pengambilan coumarin berhenti. Untuk mencapai dos tinggi (julat terendah 50 mg) tersebut, seseorang perlu mengambil sekurang-kurangnya 7 gram kayu manis cassia yang mengandungi 7,000 mg per kg (berdasarkan kayu manis cassia dengan paras purata coumarin tertinggi dalam kajian Czech di atas).

Jadi, setakat ini pengambilan dos tertinggi iaitu 6 g per hari dipercayai masih selamat. Pada kebanyakan keadaan, pengambilan kayu manis cassia pada dos tersebut atau kurang darinya dipercayai tidak menyumbang paras coumarin yang dapat membentuk ketoksikan hati.Begitu juga pengambilan makanan mengandungi kayu manis cassia misalnya sup, kari dan kuih-muih. Dos dan kekerapan pengambilan dalam bentuk ini biasanya tidak setinggi dan sekerap pengambilan untuk perubatan.

Pengambilan kayu manis cassia dipercayai boleh menyebabkan ketoksikan hati pada mereka yang sensitif. Ia dipercayai berlaku kerana kekurangan atau gangguan aktiviti enzim cytochrome CYP2A6 untuk mengurai coumarin kepada beberapa katabolit (hasil katabolism) yang selamat.

Individu yang mengalami masalah hati seperti kesesakan hati (congested liver), hepatitis atau kanser hati juga dipercayai alami gangguan aktiviti CYP2A6. Pengambilan kayu manis cassia dipercayai memburukkan lagi masalah hati yang dialami.

Sumber : https://sempoimedia.blogspot.my

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