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Menurut madzhab syafi’i ada lima rukun dalam pernikahan yaitu shighat, mempelai perempuan, dua orang saksi, mempelai laki-laki, dan wali.
فَصْلٌ فِي أَرْكَانِ النِّكَاحِ وَغَيْرِهَا وَأَرْكَانُهُ خَمْسَةٌ صِيغَةٌ وَزَوْجَةٌ وَشَاهِدَانِ وَزَوْجٌ وَوَلِيٌّ
“Fasal tentang rukun nikah dan selainnya. Rukun nikah itu ada lima yaitu, shigat, mempelai perempuan, dua orang saksi, mempelai laki-laki, dan wali” (Muhammad al-Khathib asy-Syarbini, Mughni al-Muhtaj ila Ma’rifati Alfazh al-Minhaj, Bairut-Dar al-Fikr, tt, juz, 3, h. 139)
فَصْلٌ فِي أَرْكَانِ النِّكَاحِ وَغَيْرِهَا وَأَرْكَانُهُ خَمْسَةٌ صِيغَةٌ وَزَوْجَةٌ وَشَاهِدَانِ وَزَوْجٌ وَوَلِيٌّ
“Fasal tentang rukun nikah dan selainnya. Rukun nikah itu ada lima yaitu, shigat, mempelai perempuan, dua orang saksi, mempelai laki-laki, dan wali” (Muhammad al-Khathib asy-Syarbini, Mughni al-Muhtaj ila Ma’rifati Alfazh al-Minhaj, Bairut-Dar al-Fikr, tt, juz, 3, h. 139)
Jadi wali merupakan salah satu rukun nikah, maka konsekwensinya adalah pernikahan tidak dianggap sah kecuali adanya wali.
اَلْوَلِيُّ أَحَدُ أَرْكَانِ النِّكَاحِ فَلَا يَصِحُّ إِلَّا بِوَلِيٍّ
“Wali adalah salah satu rukun nikah, maka nikah tidak sah tanpa wali” (Taqiyyuddin al-Husaini al-Hushni, Kifayah al-Akhyar fi Halli Ghayah al-Ikhtishar, Surabaya-Dar al-‘Ilm, juz, 2, h. 40)
Lantas siapakah wali bagi anak zina? Untuk menjawab soal ini maka terlebih dahulu kami akan mengetengahkan pandangan para ulama mengenai nasab anak zina.
Mayoritas ulama sepakat tidak menasabkan anak zina kepada ayah biologisnya, kecuali anak-anak yang lahir pada masa jahiliyah yang dinasabkan kepada siapa yang mengakuinya, setelah masuk Islam, sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh sayyidina Umar bin al-Khaththab ra.
اَلْوَلِيُّ أَحَدُ أَرْكَانِ النِّكَاحِ فَلَا يَصِحُّ إِلَّا بِوَلِيٍّ
“Wali adalah salah satu rukun nikah, maka nikah tidak sah tanpa wali” (Taqiyyuddin al-Husaini al-Hushni, Kifayah al-Akhyar fi Halli Ghayah al-Ikhtishar, Surabaya-Dar al-‘Ilm, juz, 2, h. 40)
Lantas siapakah wali bagi anak zina? Untuk menjawab soal ini maka terlebih dahulu kami akan mengetengahkan pandangan para ulama mengenai nasab anak zina.
Mayoritas ulama sepakat tidak menasabkan anak zina kepada ayah biologisnya, kecuali anak-anak yang lahir pada masa jahiliyah yang dinasabkan kepada siapa yang mengakuinya, setelah masuk Islam, sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh sayyidina Umar bin al-Khaththab ra.
وَاتَّفَقَ الْجُمْهُورُ عَلَى أَنَّ أَوْلَادَ الزِّنَا لَا يُلْحَقُونَ بِآبَائِهِمْ إِلَّا فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ عَلَى مَا رُوِيَ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ عَلَى اخْتِلَافٍ فِي ذَلِكَ بَيْنَ الصَّحَابَةِ
“Mayoritas ulama sepakat bahwa anak zina tidak di-ilhaq-kan (dinasabkan) kepada bapak mereka kecuali anak-anak yang lahir pada masa jahiliyah sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan dari sayyidina Umar bin al-Khaththab ra, dan dalam hal ini terjadi perbedaan di antara shahabat” (Ibnu Rusyd, Bidayah al-Mujtahid wa Nihayah al-Muqtashid, Mesir-Mushthafa al-Babi al-Halabi, cet ke-4, 1395 H/1975 M, juz, 2, h. 358)
Jika anak zina tidak dinasabkan kepada bapak bilogisnya, lantas kepada siapa ia dinasabkan? Mayoritas ulama berpendapat bahwa anak zina dinasabkan kepada ibunya.
Konsekwensi dari penasaban anak zina ke ibunya mengakibatkan si anak tidak memilik wali. Sedangkan orang yang tidak memilik wali, maka walinya adalah penguasa/sulthan.
Atau dengan kata lain, walinya adalah wali hakim. Pandangan ini didasarkan kepada sabda Rasulullah saw berikut ini;
اَلسُّلْطَانُ وَلِيُّ مَنْ لَا وَلِيَّ لَهُ
“Sulthan (penguasa) adalah wali bagi orang yang tidak memiliki wali”. (H.R. Ahmad)
Jika penjelasan ini ditarik dalam konteks pertanyaan di atas, maka laki-laki yang menikahi ibunya tidak bisa menjadi wali nikah bagi si anak perempuan tersebut.
Tetapi yang menjadi wali nikahnya adalah wali hakim, yaitu pejabat pemerintah dalam hal ini Kementerian Agama atau yang mewakilinya sampai tingkat daerah yakni pejabat Kantor Urusan Agam (KUA).
Demikian jawaban yang dapat kami kemukakan. Semoga bisa bermanfaat. Saran kami, jangan memberikan perlakukan yang diskriminatif kepada anak zina.
Sebab, anak yang dilahirkan tidak mewarisi dosa turunan orang tuanya. Adapun ketentuan seperti disebutkan di atas menjadi semacam peringantan agar jangan sampai terjadi perbuatan zina.
Wallahul muwaffiq ila aqwamith thariq
“Mayoritas ulama sepakat bahwa anak zina tidak di-ilhaq-kan (dinasabkan) kepada bapak mereka kecuali anak-anak yang lahir pada masa jahiliyah sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan dari sayyidina Umar bin al-Khaththab ra, dan dalam hal ini terjadi perbedaan di antara shahabat” (Ibnu Rusyd, Bidayah al-Mujtahid wa Nihayah al-Muqtashid, Mesir-Mushthafa al-Babi al-Halabi, cet ke-4, 1395 H/1975 M, juz, 2, h. 358)
Jika anak zina tidak dinasabkan kepada bapak bilogisnya, lantas kepada siapa ia dinasabkan? Mayoritas ulama berpendapat bahwa anak zina dinasabkan kepada ibunya.
Konsekwensi dari penasaban anak zina ke ibunya mengakibatkan si anak tidak memilik wali. Sedangkan orang yang tidak memilik wali, maka walinya adalah penguasa/sulthan.
Atau dengan kata lain, walinya adalah wali hakim. Pandangan ini didasarkan kepada sabda Rasulullah saw berikut ini;
اَلسُّلْطَانُ وَلِيُّ مَنْ لَا وَلِيَّ لَهُ
“Sulthan (penguasa) adalah wali bagi orang yang tidak memiliki wali”. (H.R. Ahmad)
Jika penjelasan ini ditarik dalam konteks pertanyaan di atas, maka laki-laki yang menikahi ibunya tidak bisa menjadi wali nikah bagi si anak perempuan tersebut.
Tetapi yang menjadi wali nikahnya adalah wali hakim, yaitu pejabat pemerintah dalam hal ini Kementerian Agama atau yang mewakilinya sampai tingkat daerah yakni pejabat Kantor Urusan Agam (KUA).
Demikian jawaban yang dapat kami kemukakan. Semoga bisa bermanfaat. Saran kami, jangan memberikan perlakukan yang diskriminatif kepada anak zina.
Sebab, anak yang dilahirkan tidak mewarisi dosa turunan orang tuanya. Adapun ketentuan seperti disebutkan di atas menjadi semacam peringantan agar jangan sampai terjadi perbuatan zina.
Wallahul muwaffiq ila aqwamith thariq
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