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Dibanding Ki Hadjar Dewantara dan Taman Siswa-nya, KH. Achmad Dahlan dan Persyarikatan Muhammadiyahnya lebih memiliki peran besar dalam pendidikan nasional. Ki Hadjar bercorak kebatinan dan barat, sedangkan Kiai Dahlan bercorak Islam dan nasional.
Setiap tanggal 2 Mei pemerintah Republik Indonesia memperingati Hari Pendidikan Nasional (Hardiknas). Peringatan ini merujuk pada hari lahir tokoh nasional Soewardi Soerjaningrat alias Ki Hadjar Dewantara, pendiri perguruan Taman Siswa. Soewardi merupakan anak dari Paku Alam IV yang dilahirkan di Yogyakarta, 2 Mei 1889. Garis keturunannya berasal dari elit keraton yang memegang teguh ajaran kebatinan Jawa.
Perguruan Taman Siswa yang digagas dan dikelola oleh Ki Hadjar Dewantara didirikan di Yogyakarta pada 3 Juli 1922. Selain Ki Hadjar Dewantara, tokoh Taman Siswa lainnya adalah Ki Sarmidi Mangoensarkoro. Taman Siswa adalah lembaga pendidikan bercorak kebangsaan, kebatinan, dan mengadopsi nilai-nilai barat yang pertama di Indonesia dan didirikan oleh warga pribumi.
Ketika mendirikan Taman Siswa, Ki Hadjar Dewantara banyak terpengaruh pemikiran Rabindranath Tagore (ahli pendidikan dan ilmu jiwa dari India yang menjadi rujukan anggota Theosofi), Maria Montessori (ahli pendidikan dari Italia), dan Rudolf Steiner (pendiri Antrophosophy Society). Melihat dari tokoh-tokoh yang menjadi rujukan Ki Hadjar dalam mendirikan Taman Siswa, jelaslah bahwa lembaga yang didirikannya bercorak barat dan mengusung asas humanisme.
Rabindranath Tagore adalah tokoh yang tulisan-tulisannya banyak tersebar di media massa milik kelompok Theosofi. Tagore memiliki konsep pendidikan ”bebas” dan ”merdeka”, yaitu bahwa pendidikan adalah semata-mata dijadikan alat dan syarat untuk memperkokoh hidup kemanusiaan sedalam-dalamnya. Konsep ”bebas” dari Tagore adalah bebas dari ikatan apapun, sedangkan konsep ”merdeka” adalah bebas mewujudkan ciptaan berupa apapun dan hanya hanya boleh terikat oleh kodrat alam dan zaman.
Sedangkan Maria Montessori mempunyai konsep pendidikan dengan mementingkan hidup jasmani peserta didik dan mengarahkan mereka pada kecerdasan budi. Dasar utama pendidikan, menurut Montessori, adalah kebebasan dan spontanitas untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan yang seluas-luasnya. Asas kemanusiaan, jelas sangat kental dalam konsep Tagore dan Montessori yang dijadikan rujukan oleh Ki Hadjar Dewantara. Sementara Rudolf Steiner yang juga menjadi rujukan Ki Hadjar, adalah sosok yang mengembangkan doktrin-doktrin mistik, okultisme, dan spiritualisme abad 20 terutama di kalangan Kristen.
Corak pendidikan Taman Siswa hampir sama dengan Arjuna School, sekolah yang didirikan kelompok Theosofi di Indonesia, yang mempunyai pemahaman bahwa dasar dari semua sistem pendidikan yang dijalankan adalah kemerdekaan budi pekerti dan keterampilan. Tidak ada sama sekali tercantum soal dasar Ketuhanan yang dijadikan pijakan. Arjuna School pada masa lalu juga menjadi lembaga pendidikan favorit dan tersebar di beberapa wilayah di Jawa.
Meski tak setenar nama Ki Hadjar Dewantara, nama Ki Sarmidi Mangoensarkoro yang juga pendiri Taman Siswa, juga diabadikan oleh pemerintah sebagai nama sebuah jalan di daerah Menteng, Jakarta Pusat. Pemerintah menganggap Ki Sarmidi sebagai tokoh pendidikan, disamping tokoh-tokoh lainnya. Padahal, dalam buku ”Pengantar Goeroe Nasional” Ki Sarmidi yang merupakan anggota Theosofi, banyak mengambil pemikiran George Syndey Arundale, Presiden Theosofi Internasional ketiga setelah Annie Besant. Sungguh aneh, organisasi Theosofi yang secara resmi pernah dilarang oleh pemerintah, namun pemikiran para tokohnya masih dianggap memiliki peran penting bagi pendidikan bangsa ini.
Paham Kebatinan, Landasan Berdirinya Taman Siswa
Dalam buku ”Perkembangan Kebatinan di Indonesia” Allahyarham Buya Hamka menyatakan bahwa Taman Siswa adalah gerakan abangan, klenik, dan primbon Jawa, yang menjalankan ritual shalat daim. Dalam kepercayaan kebatinan, shalat di sini bukan bermakna ritual seperti yang dijalankan umat Islam, tetapi shalat dalam pengertian kebatinan, yaitu menjalankan kebaikan terus menerus. Inilah yang dimaksud dengan shalat daim. Sedangkan Bung Karno menyebut apa yang dilakukan oleh Ki Hadjar Dewantara adalah berangkat dari panggilan mistik.
Sebuah small group discussion yang membicarakan tentang kebatinan, yang diselenggarakan setiap Selasa Kliwon dan dipimpin oleh Pangeran Soeryamentaram adalah cikal bakal berdirinya Taman Siswa. Peserta diskusi kebatinan ini mendapat sebutan ketika itu dengan “Gerombolan Seloso Kliwon”. Mereka adalah, Ki Hadjar Dewantara, R.M Soetatmo Soerjokoesoemo, R.M.H Soerjo Poetro, Ki Pronowidigdo, Ki Sutopo Wonoboyo, Ki Surjodirjo, BRM Subono, dan Pangeran Soeryamentaram.
Setiap pertemuan, mereka mendiskusikan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kebatinan, yaitu usaha untuk “membahagiakan diri, membahagiakan bangsa, dan umat manusia.” Inilah yang menjadi asas Taman Siswa, yaitu perpaduan antara pendidikan barat dan kebatinan dalam mewujudkan suatu kemerdekaan batin, kemerdekaan pikiran, dan kemerdekaan tenaga.
Taman Siswa mengamalkan apa yang mereka sebut sebagai Panca Dharma alias Lima Pengabdian, yaitu:Kemerdekaan, Kodrat Alam, Kebudayaan, Kebangsaan, dan Kemanusiaan. Tak adanya diktum yang menyebutkan pengabdian terhadap Ketuhanan inilah yang menyebabkan timbulnya kecurigaan dari kalangan umat Islam saat itu bahwa Taman Siswa jauh dari nilai-nilai Ketuhanan dan anti terhadap agama.
Diantara yang mengertik asas dan cita-cita Taman Siswa adalah Mingguan Abadi, media massa yang dikelola oleh para aktivis Masyumi. Dalam artikelnya, Abadi menilai tidak dicantumkannya soal ketuhanan mencerminkan bahwa Taman Siswa jauh dari kepercayaan terhadap ketuhanan dan lebih mementingkan kemanusiaan. Taman Siswa juga dinilai mengabaikan sila Ketuhanan yang tercermin dalam ideologi negara, Pancasila.
Seorang residen Belanda, Janquire, juga dengan tegas menyatakan bahwa cita-cita Taman Siswa “anti-Tuhan” dan “anti-agama”. Tudingan Janquire dianggap sebagai propaganda adu domba yang bertujuan memojokkan Taman Siswa. Untuk membantah tudingan mingguan Abadi dan Janquire, Taman Siswa melalui seorang aktifisnya bernama Muhammad Tauchid kemudian membuat bantahan dan klarifikasi dalam sebuah pidato yang cukup memukau para anggotanya. Tauchid menepis segala tudingan miring terhadap Taman Siswa dan meyakinkan masyarakat bahwa organisasi mereka tidak akan mengabaikan nilai-nilai ketuhanan.
Kecurigaan terhadap asas dan keyakinan Taman Siswa yang dianggap jauh dari nilai Ketuhanan dan lebih mementingkan kebatinan dan kemanusiaan, itu tak berlebihan. Sebab dalam beberapa pidato para petinggi Taman Siswa, termasuk pemikiran pendirinya Ki Hadjar Dewantara, corak kebatinan dan Theosofi begitu kental terasa. Hal ini diperkuat lagi, ketika Taman Siswa menyatakan bahwa dalam menjalankan roda pendidikannya, mereka menggunakan “Tiga Sistem Among”, yaitu:Mengabdi kepada prikemanusiaan, membangun kepribadian sesuai kodrat alam, dan membangun kemerdekaan. Sekali lagi, tidak disebut sedikitpun tentang Ketuhanan.
Mereka yang tergabung dalam Taman Siswa sering disebut “Keluarga Besar yang Suci” yang mempunyai sikap lahir dan batin. Dan Ki Hadjar Dewantara mendapat julukan sebagai “Bapak dari Keluarga Besar yang Suci.” Istilah-istilah ini jelas mengingatkan kita pada Theosofi. Melihat dari corak dan asas Taman Siswa, jelas lembaga pendidikan ini sesuai dan sejalan dengan cita-cita tertinggi Theosofi dan Freemason, yaitu menjadikan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan (humanisme) sebagai nilai tertinggi diantara nilai-nilai lain, bahkan nilai Ketuhanan.
Pengabdian terhadap kemanusiaan yang bersumber dari pengamalan kebatinan dan perilaku lahir yang sesuai dengan nilai-nilai universal tentang kebaikan, itulah yang menjadi tujuan Taman Siswa. Persis seperti ungkapan tokohnya, Ki Sarmidi Mangoensarkoro, yang mengatakan, ”Kita harus tetap mempunyai paham hidup kebatinan yang luhur, tetapi di dalam aturan hidup lahir…tujuan hidup yang menomorsatukan kebatinan yang luhur itu sekarang harus direalisasikan dalam perbuatan dunia kelahiran.”
Mengapa Bukan KH Achmad Dahlan dan Muhammadiyah?
Dibanding Ki Hadjar Dewantara dan Taman Siswa-nya, kiprah KH. Achmad Dahlan dan Muhammadiyah lebih berperan dalam memajukan pendidikan nasional. Achmad Dahlan kental dengan corak pemikiran Islam dan nasionalis, anti kolonialisme, tidak terpengaruh paham barat, dan mengembangkan lembaga pendidikan untuk mengantisipasi besarnya arus Kristenisasi pada masa itu yang dibawa oleh lembaga-lembaga pendidikan yang didirikan oleh pemerintah kolonial.
Sejarawan Abdurrachman Surjomihardjo dalam buku sejarah Kota Yogakarta Tempoe Doeloe menjelaskan keprihatinan KH Achmad Dahlan dengan tumbuh suburnya pendidikan netral bercorak barat, yang dikelola oleh Gerakan Kemasonan (Freemason). Selain itu, Kiai Dahlan juga prihatin dengan maraknya sekolah-sekolah Kristen yang mendapat subsidi pemerintah Belanda, yang kerap melakukan upaya kristenisasi. Semua sekolah-sekolah ini, selain mendapat dukungan pemerintah kolonial, juga mendapat dukungan elit pemerintahan setempat yang kebanyakan sudah berada dalam pengaruh Gerakan Kemasonan dan Theosofi.
Dukungan pemerintah kolonial terhadap sekolah-sekolah milik Gerakan Kemasonan dan Kristen adalah upaya untuk mendirikan sekolah pribumi yang mampu bersaing dengan pesantren yang menjadi basis pendidikan umat Islam. Tujuan pendidikan netral yang didirikan oleh Gerakan Kemasonan dan menjamurnya sekolah-sekolah Kristen tak lain adalah upaya mematikan peran pesantren. Pendidikan netral bertujuan menumbuhkan jiwa loyalitas masyarakat pribumi terhadap pemerintah kolonial atau mengubah anak-anak elit Jawa menjadi ”bangsawan holland denken” (bangsawan yang berorientasi kebelandaan).
Sebab-sebab berdirinya Muhammadiyah selain faktor internal, yaitu umat Islam tidak lagi memegang teguh tuntunan Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah Nabi Shallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam dan merajalelanya kemusyrikan, juga disebabkan faktor eksternal, yaitu kesadaran akan bahaya yang mengancam akidah umat Islam yang disebabkan oleh upaya Kristenisasi yang marak saat itu. Faktor eksternal lainnya adalah, merebaknya kebencian di kalangan intelektual saat itu yang menganggap Islam sebagai agama kolot, tidak sesuai zaman. Dan yang terpenting dari sebab berdirinya Muhammadiyah adalah upaya untuk membentuk masyarakat dimana di dalamnya benar-benar berlaku ajaran dan hukum Islam.
Dengan berdirinya Muhammadiyah, KH Achmad Dahlan dan beberapa aktivis Islam lainnya berusaha melakukan dakwah dalam bidang pengajaran dan membendung usaha-usaha Kristenisasi yang didukung oleh pemerintah kolonial lewat kebijakan Kerstening Politiek (Politik Kristensiasi) yang dimulai pada tahun 1910 oleh kelompok konservatif di Nederland dan dilaksanakan oleh Gubernur Jenderal A.W.F Idenburg. Diantara kebijakan Kerstening Politiek adalah dikeluarkannya ”Sirkuler Minggu” dan ”Sirkuler Pasar” yang dikeluarkan oleh Gubernur Jenderal pada 1910. Sirkuler Minggu menegaskan bahwa tidak patut mengadakan perayaan kenegaraan pada hari Minggu. Kegiatan pemerintahan pada hari Minggu diliburkan. Sirkuler Pasar melarang diadakannya hari pasaran pada hari Minggu.
Dr. Alwi Shihab dalam disertasinya menjelaskan bahwa berdirinya Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah adalah upaya membendung arus dari upaya gerakan Kristenisasi dan Freemasonry. Alwi menyatakan, Freemasonry di Indonesia digerakkan oleh orang-orang Kristen yang sadar diri dan sangat peduli terhadap penyebaran Injil. Mereka melakukan upaya Kristenisasi, termasuk tentu saja mempropagandakan ajaran-ajaran Freemasonry. ”Lembaga ini (Freemason, pen) telah berhasil menggaet berbagai kalangan Indonesia terkemuka, dan dengan demikian mempengaruhi berbagai pemikiran berbagai segmen masyarakat lapisan atas… Merasakan bahwa perkembangan Freemasonry dan penyebaran Kristen saling mendukung, kaum Muslim mulai merasakan munculnya bahaya yang dihadapi Islam… Dalam upayanya menjaga dan memperkuat iman Islam di kalangan Muslim Jawa, (Ahmad) Dahlan bersama-sama kawan seperjuangannya mencari jalan keluar dari kondisi yang sangat sulit ini. Untuk menjawab tantangan ini, lahirlah gagasan mendirikan Muhammadiyah.Dari sini, berdirinya Muhammadiyah tidak bisa dipisahkan dari keberadaan dan perkembangan pesat Freemasonry.”
Selain jawaban terhadap upaya Gerakan Kemasonan dan Kerstening Politik, berdirinya Muhammadiyah juga sebagai respon dari berbagai pelecehan terhadap Islam yang dilakukan oleh para aktivis kebangsaan yang tergabung dalam Boedi Oetomo. Dengan bahasa sindiran, Muhamadiyah menyatakan, ”Jika agama berada di luar Boedi Oetomo, maka sebaliknya Politik berada di luar Muhammadiyah.” Demikian khittah perjuangan Muhammadiyah pada awal-awal berdirinya.
Tinta sejarah memang ditentukan oleh mereka yang berkuasa. Termasuk tentang siapa yang dianggap berperan dan pantas dijadikan acuan dalam pendidikan nasional. Padahal, Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah berdiri lebih dulu, yakni pada 1912, dibandingkan Taman Siswa yang berdiri sepuluh tahun kemudian, pada 1922. Muhammadiyah masih berperan penting dalam lembaga pendidikan hingga kini dan tersebar hampir di seluruh pelosok Nusantara, sementara Taman Siswa sudah meredup dan nyaris tak terdengar kiprahnya. Jika dilihat dari waktu lahirnya, Achmad Dahlan lebih dulu, yakni pada 1868, sedangkan Ki Hadjar Dewantara baru lahir pada 1889.
Tulisan ini adalah upaya mendorong kepada masyarakat untuk melihat sejarah dengan kaca mata yang jernih dan jujur, bukan dengan kacamata kekuasaan yang sarat dengan kepentingan. Setelah membaca tulisan ini, silakan masyarakat menilai, mana yang lebih pantas dijadikan acuan memperingati Hari Pendidikan Nasional. Apakah semata-mata karena bercorak Islam, peran KH Achmad Dahlan tak dijadikan sebagai acuan pendidikan nasional? Padahal, seperti kata Buya Hamka, Islam adalah jati diri yang mengakar dalam bangsa ini.(islampos)
*Penulis buku ”Gerakan Theosofi di Indonesia”, Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2009 dan ”Jaringan Yahudi Internasional di Nusantara”, Pustaka Al-Kautsar 2010
Sumber Rujukan:
Irna H.N Hadi Soewito, Soewardi Soerjaningrat dalam Pengasingan, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1991
Bambang S Dewantara, 100 Tahun Ki Hadjar Dewantara, Jakarta: Pustaka Kartini, 1989
Abdurrachman Surjomihardjo, Ki Hadjar Dewantara dan Taman Siswa dalam Sejarah Indonesia Modern, Jakarta:Sinar Harapan, 1986
Kenji Tsuchiya, Democracy and Leadership: The Rise of The Taman Siswa Movement in Indonesia, University of Honolulu Press, 1987
Taman Siswa dan Sila Ketuhanan, Madjelis Luhur Persatuan Taman Siswa: Yogyakarta, 1972
Hamka, Perkembangan Kebatinan di Indonesia, Jakarta:Penerbit Bulan Bintang, 1974. Cet.Kedua
K.H.A Dahlan Amal dan Perdjoangannja,Djakarta:Depot Pengadjaran Mohammadijah,1968
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