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Ketika Al-Qur’an diwahyukan kepada Rasulullah saw pada abad VII M, paham geosentris masih tertanam kuat dalam wawasan pengetahuan manusia pada masa itu. Bahkan, pada era Khulafaur Raasyidiin, Bani Umayah dan Bani Abbasiyah kepercayaan itu tetap dianut kebanyakan orang. Sehingga, beberapa terminologi ayat Al-Qur’an sempat menimbulkan kesulitan yang cukup berat pada ahli-ahli tafsir Al-Qur’an zaman itu. Mereka masih terpengaruh bahwa benda-benda langit lain berputar mengelilingi Bumi.
Misalnya, untuk menerangkan terminologi sab’as samaawati yang diterjemahkan ‘tujuh langit’, seorang penafsir menjelaskannya sebagai lapisan-lapisan tempat beredarnya benda-benda langit. Menurut tafsir itu, langit pertama merupakan tempat beredarnya Bulan. Di langit kedua terdapat A’tharid, ‘Merkurius’. Di langit ketiga terdapat Uhra, ‘Venus’. Di langit keempat ada Matahari. Di langit kelima ada Arikh, ‘Mars’. Di langit keenam ada Usytari, ‘Yupiter’. Di langit terjauh terdapat Juhal, ‘Saturnus’.
Beberapa penafsir lain mengambil jalan tengah dengan penuh kehati-hatian menerangkan ayat-ayat “ilmiah” itu. Misalnya, ahli tafsir yang masyhur antara abad X-XI M, Al-Thabari, berpendapat bahwa kita harus tutup mulut jika tidak tahu. Barulah beberapa abad kemudian beberapa terminologi Al-Qur’an itu dapat dicerna oleh ilmu pengetahuan manusia.
Membantah Ptolemeus
Awal abad VII M, turun ayat Al-Qur’an yang langsung membantah teori geosentris Ptolemeus. Ayat itu berbunyi: “Kamu lihat gunung-gunung itu. Kamu sangka dia diam. Padahal, ia berjalan sebagaimana jalannya awan… Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui apa-apa yang kamu kerjakan”. (Q.S. An-Naml: 88)
Ketika ayat itu turun, banyak manusia (kaum kafir Qureis, Yahudi dan sebagian umat Islam) yang berkerut keningnya. Mengapa tidak? Bagaimana mungkin gunung-gunung yang jelas berdiri kokoh itu dikatakan berjalan? Apalagi berjalan laksana awan!
Tidak mustahil bila banyak kaum kafir mencemooh Rasulullah. Menurut pandangan mereka apa yang tertera dalam Al-Qur’an itu tidak logis dan melawan pengamatan inderawi.
Akan tetapi, kaum Muslimin yang benar-benar mengimani Allah dan Rasulullah serta meyakini Al-Qur’an sebagai aksioma kehidupan dan sumber kebenaran tetap mempercayainya, sekalipun pengetahuan belum bisa menjangkau pernyataan Al-Qur’an yang sangat ilmiah tersebut. Mereka menyadari bahwa kebenaran ilmu yang mereka pegang terlalu naif bila dibandingkan dengan kebenaran ilmu Allah Yang Maha Mengetahui.
Jika diperhatikan dengan seksama, nyatalah ayat tersebut secara implisit mengandung keterangan ilmiah tentang sebuah persoalan yang amat penting dalam sejarah ilmu pengetahuan modern. Sebuah revolusi ilmiah yang turut menentukan perkembangan sains dan teknologi masa sekarang, semacam revolusi ideologi ilmu pengetahuan.
Ada beberapa pokok pikiran yang dapat diambil dari ayat 88 surat An-Naml itu, diantaranya:
1. Pernyataan Bumi tidak diam.
Pada waktu itu masyarakat awam percaya bahwa Bumi tetap diam di tempatnya, sedangkan yang bergerak adalah Matahari, Bulan, dan Bintang. Teori ini ada jauh sebelum Rasulullah saw diutus ke dunia. Hal itu secara ilmiah dirumuskan oleh ahli astronomi Yunani, Hipparkhus, yang bertugas di Rhodes dan Iskandariah kira-kira tahun 150 SM.
Teori itu dibantah oleh Al-Qur’an yang secara simbolis dinyatakan dalam surat An-Naml ayat 88. Al-Qur’an mengambil term gunung untuk mewakili Bumi.
Memang, dalam sejarah Yunani purba, gagasan Bumi bergerak sudah ada, terutama setelah kemenangan Iskandar Agung dan pusat kebudayaan Yunani pindah dari Athena ke Iskandariah. Misalnya, Aristarkhus dari Samos (310-230 SM) mempertahankan pendapatnya dengan penuh keyakinan bahwa Bumi berputar. Akan tetapi, dia mendapat tekanan keras dan dianggap kurang saleh. Bagi sebagian besar orang Yunani, gagasan bahwa kita “ikut berputar” dalam perjalanan harian Bumi bersama karang, batu, dan pepohonan –demikian kata Wordsworth- tetap dianggap lancang dan murtad. Akhirnya, gagasan itu terlupakan orang. Bumi tetap diam di singgasana kebesarannya. Paham inilah yang dianut sampai Rasulullah saw datang, bahkan sampai Copernicus datang.
2. Pernyataan Bumi bukan pusat alam semesta.
Tahun 140 SM Claudius Ptolemeus mengatakan bahwa Bumi adalah pusat alam semesta. Sebuah kedudukan yang sangat terhormat. Tak heran bila teori tersebut akhirnya menjadi doktrin keagamaan gereja. Di Bumi ada manusia. Bukankah manusia itu makhluk yang mulia?
Akan tetapi Al-Qur’an menegaskan bahwa Bumi berjalan seperti jalannya awan. Artinya, Bumi bukan hanya sekedar berotasi di tempat, melainkan betul-betul berpindah tempat dari satu titik ke titik yang lain.
Jelas, sesuatu yang beredar mengelilingi sesuatu yang lain tidak dapat disebut sebagai pusat, sebab yang namanya pusat pastilah statis dan tidak berpindah secara mutlak. Dengan demikian, mengertilah kita bahwa Bumi bukan pusat jagat raya. Dengan demikian, runtuhlah teori geosentris Ptolemeus pada abad VII M, 800 tahun sebelum Copernicus mengumumkan bantahannya kepada Ptolemeus.
Teori Copernicus
Tidak ada kenyataan yang lebih indah dan lebih meningkatkan kemuliaan manusia, selain dirinya menjadi pusat semesta.
Pada 1543 akibat revolusi Copernicus (seorang ahli hukum dan ahli astronomi Polandia), timbul banyak ketidaksenangan terutama di kalangan rohaniawan gereja. Penyebabnya adalah pendapat Copernicus yang bertentangan dengan doktrin keagamaannya. Bahkan Martin Luther mengatakan, “Copernicus sudah gila dan teorinya dianggap melawan Injil serta tidak dapat diterima”.
Nicolaus Copernicus mengemukakan bahwa kerak benda langit akan menjadi lebih sederhana apabila Matahari dipandang sebagai pusat jagad raya. Selanjutnya secara tegas ia mengatakan bahwa bukan Matahari yang bergerak mengelilingi Bumi -seperti pandangan Ptolemeus yang dianut selama itu- tetapi justru sebaliknya. Bumi bersama benda-benda langit lainnyalah yang bergerak mengelilingi Matahari.
Copernicus berhasil menurunkan Bumi dari kedudukan yang terhormat. Sekarang Bumi turun tahta diganti oleh benda yang sangat panas, Matahari. Teori ini dikenal sebagai teori heliosentrik (berpusat pada Matahari). Pengamatan cermat yang dilakukan Galileo Galilei pada 1609 pun makin memperkuat konsep heliosentrik itu. Begitu juga, observasi-observasi lain yang dilakukan bertahun-tahun dengan giat kemudian melalui konsep-konsep baru melalui tokoh-tokoh seperi Keppler dan Newton. Hingga tidaklah heran bila teori heliosentrik Copernicus dikatakan revolusioner.
Sekalipun Copernicus berhasil menurunkan Bumi dari tahta pusat semesta, ia tidak menolak Matahari sebagai pusat jagat raya. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya memang ada modifikasi, yakni Matahari bukan sebagai pusat alam semesta, melainkan pusat galaksi Bima Sakti (Milky Way). Galaksi Bima Sakti yaitu suatu kumpulan bermilyar-milyar bintang dan kabut antar bintang.
Bagaimana pernyataan Al-Qur’an tentang konsep heliosentrik itu?
Adakah statemen yang kita pegang untuk menetapkan persoalan di atas?
Dari sekian banyak ayat yang membicarakan soal itu, kita pilih dua ayat saja, yaitu:
“Dialah yang telah menciptakan malam dan siang, Matahari dan Bulan. Masing-masing beredar pada garis edar (orbit)-nya”. (Q.S. Al Anbiyaa': 33)
“Tidaklah mungkin Matahari mendapatkan Bulan dan malampun tidak dapat mendahului siang. Masing-masing beredar pada garis edarnya”. (Q.S. Yaasiin: 40)
Kedua ayat tersebut berbunyi Kullu fii falakin yasbahun yang berarti “masing-masing beredar pada orbitnya”.
Fakta apa yang dapat kita peroleh dari ayat tersebut? Paling tidak, ada tiga hal penting yang dapat diungkapkan.
Pertama, dari kata falak. Kita terjemahkan kata itu sebagai “orbit”. Ayat itu jelas menyatakan bahwa Bulan mempunyai orbit yang berbentuk ellips dengan Bumi sebagai titik fokusnya. Akan tetapi, ayat itu juga mengklaim bahwa Matahari pun ada orbitnya, beredar pada falaknya, dan mengelilingi sesuatu.
Hal itu berarti bahwa konsep Matahari sebagai pusat alam semesta ataupun pusat galaksi Bima Sakti tidak dapat dipertahankan.
Dengan pengertian lain, teori heliosentrik Copernicus dengan tegas dikoreksi oleh Al-Qur’an. Ini terjadi delapan abad sebelum Copernicus lahir ke dunia fana ini. Padahal dalam kenyataannya, sampai awal abad XX M tetap berkembang pandangan bahwa Matahari adalah pusat galaksi. Hingga jangan heran, pada masa itu seolah-olah Al-Qur’an bertentangan dengan ilmu pengetahuan.
Barulah pada tahun 1918, Harlow Shapley berhasil menentukan pusat galaksi Bima Sakti. Ternyata Al-Qur’an benar. Dialah orang pertama yang mengetahui -melalui perhitungannya- bahwa Matahari tidak terletak di pusat Bima sakti. Seperti halnya Bumi, Matahari ternyata tidak menempati tempat utama dalam kosmos. Ia bersama planet-planet lain (anggota Tata Surya) bergerak mengarungi angkasa menuju rasi Cygnus dengan kecepatan 250 kilometer per detik letaknya kira-kira 30.000 tahun cahaya (atau 30015 kilometer) dari pusat galaksi dan beredar pada orbitnya yang sekali putaran memerlukan waktu sampai 250 miliun tahun.
Kedua, dari term yasbahuun yang diartikan ‘beredar’. Kata ini berasal dari kata kerja asbaha yang lebih tepat diartikan “pergeseran gerak sejati” atau proper motion. Ayat ini mempertegas bahwa Matahari tidak diam dan bukan pusat galaksi Bima Sakti. Yang benar adalah Matahari seperti juga bintang-bintang yang lain bergerak dengan cara tertentu yang betul-betul gerak sejati (proper motion). Kenyataan itu tidak aneh lagi dalam dunia Astronomi modern sekarang ini.
Ketiga, dari pernyataan bahwa malam dan siang, Matahari dan Bulan bergerak sangat teratur -tak dapat saling mendahului- ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasti ada “penyebab” hingga bisa terjadi demikian.
Secara implisit, penyebabnya adalah gravitasi, yang baru disadari Newton pada tahun 1687 M dalam bukunya yang amat terkenal Principia. Memang, untuk menangkap makna implisit ini, kemampuan observasi dan intelegensi yang dianugerahkan Allah mutlak diperlukan. Namun yang jelas, Al-Qur’an mampu menstimulasikan “syaraf-syaraf intelegensi” untuk kemudian diwujudkan dalam wujud riset, observasi, dan penelitian lain.
Memang benar, Al-Qur’an bukan kitab ensiklopedia detail sains dan teknologi yang memuat berbagai teori. Akan tetapi, Al-Qur’an mampu memberikan fenomena-fenomena (yang pada hakikatnya adalah landasan teori) pada manusia. Karena ia wahyu Allah Yang Maha Mengetahui, tentu isi yang terkandung di dalamnya pun benar. Pada yang benar itulah hendaknya ilmu pengetahuan berada. Kebenarnnya kekal hingga kiamat nanti. Maka sudah pasti, teori dan konsep masa depan bisa distimulasi mulai dari sekarang. Insya Allah.
Nilna Iqbal
Teori Copernicus
Tidak ada kenyataan yang lebih indah dan lebih meningkatkan kemuliaan manusia, selain dirinya menjadi pusat semesta.
Pada 1543 akibat revolusi Copernicus (seorang ahli hukum dan ahli astronomi Polandia), timbul banyak ketidaksenangan terutama di kalangan rohaniawan gereja. Penyebabnya adalah pendapat Copernicus yang bertentangan dengan doktrin keagamaannya. Bahkan Martin Luther mengatakan, “Copernicus sudah gila dan teorinya dianggap melawan Injil serta tidak dapat diterima”.
Nicolaus Copernicus mengemukakan bahwa kerak benda langit akan menjadi lebih sederhana apabila Matahari dipandang sebagai pusat jagad raya. Selanjutnya secara tegas ia mengatakan bahwa bukan Matahari yang bergerak mengelilingi Bumi -seperti pandangan Ptolemeus yang dianut selama itu- tetapi justru sebaliknya. Bumi bersama benda-benda langit lainnyalah yang bergerak mengelilingi Matahari.
Copernicus berhasil menurunkan Bumi dari kedudukan yang terhormat. Sekarang Bumi turun tahta diganti oleh benda yang sangat panas, Matahari. Teori ini dikenal sebagai teori heliosentrik (berpusat pada Matahari). Pengamatan cermat yang dilakukan Galileo Galilei pada 1609 pun makin memperkuat konsep heliosentrik itu. Begitu juga, observasi-observasi lain yang dilakukan bertahun-tahun dengan giat kemudian melalui konsep-konsep baru melalui tokoh-tokoh seperi Keppler dan Newton. Hingga tidaklah heran bila teori heliosentrik Copernicus dikatakan revolusioner.
Sekalipun Copernicus berhasil menurunkan Bumi dari tahta pusat semesta, ia tidak menolak Matahari sebagai pusat jagat raya. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya memang ada modifikasi, yakni Matahari bukan sebagai pusat alam semesta, melainkan pusat galaksi Bima Sakti (Milky Way). Galaksi Bima Sakti yaitu suatu kumpulan bermilyar-milyar bintang dan kabut antar bintang.
Bagaimana pernyataan Al-Qur’an tentang konsep heliosentrik itu?
Adakah statemen yang kita pegang untuk menetapkan persoalan di atas?
Dari sekian banyak ayat yang membicarakan soal itu, kita pilih dua ayat saja, yaitu:
“Dialah yang telah menciptakan malam dan siang, Matahari dan Bulan. Masing-masing beredar pada garis edar (orbit)-nya”. (Q.S. Al Anbiyaa': 33)
“Tidaklah mungkin Matahari mendapatkan Bulan dan malampun tidak dapat mendahului siang. Masing-masing beredar pada garis edarnya”. (Q.S. Yaasiin: 40)
Kedua ayat tersebut berbunyi Kullu fii falakin yasbahun yang berarti “masing-masing beredar pada orbitnya”.
Fakta apa yang dapat kita peroleh dari ayat tersebut? Paling tidak, ada tiga hal penting yang dapat diungkapkan.
Pertama, dari kata falak. Kita terjemahkan kata itu sebagai “orbit”. Ayat itu jelas menyatakan bahwa Bulan mempunyai orbit yang berbentuk ellips dengan Bumi sebagai titik fokusnya. Akan tetapi, ayat itu juga mengklaim bahwa Matahari pun ada orbitnya, beredar pada falaknya, dan mengelilingi sesuatu.
Hal itu berarti bahwa konsep Matahari sebagai pusat alam semesta ataupun pusat galaksi Bima Sakti tidak dapat dipertahankan.
Dengan pengertian lain, teori heliosentrik Copernicus dengan tegas dikoreksi oleh Al-Qur’an. Ini terjadi delapan abad sebelum Copernicus lahir ke dunia fana ini. Padahal dalam kenyataannya, sampai awal abad XX M tetap berkembang pandangan bahwa Matahari adalah pusat galaksi. Hingga jangan heran, pada masa itu seolah-olah Al-Qur’an bertentangan dengan ilmu pengetahuan.
Barulah pada tahun 1918, Harlow Shapley berhasil menentukan pusat galaksi Bima Sakti. Ternyata Al-Qur’an benar. Dialah orang pertama yang mengetahui -melalui perhitungannya- bahwa Matahari tidak terletak di pusat Bima sakti. Seperti halnya Bumi, Matahari ternyata tidak menempati tempat utama dalam kosmos. Ia bersama planet-planet lain (anggota Tata Surya) bergerak mengarungi angkasa menuju rasi Cygnus dengan kecepatan 250 kilometer per detik letaknya kira-kira 30.000 tahun cahaya (atau 30015 kilometer) dari pusat galaksi dan beredar pada orbitnya yang sekali putaran memerlukan waktu sampai 250 miliun tahun.
Kedua, dari term yasbahuun yang diartikan ‘beredar’. Kata ini berasal dari kata kerja asbaha yang lebih tepat diartikan “pergeseran gerak sejati” atau proper motion. Ayat ini mempertegas bahwa Matahari tidak diam dan bukan pusat galaksi Bima Sakti. Yang benar adalah Matahari seperti juga bintang-bintang yang lain bergerak dengan cara tertentu yang betul-betul gerak sejati (proper motion). Kenyataan itu tidak aneh lagi dalam dunia Astronomi modern sekarang ini.
Ketiga, dari pernyataan bahwa malam dan siang, Matahari dan Bulan bergerak sangat teratur -tak dapat saling mendahului- ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasti ada “penyebab” hingga bisa terjadi demikian.
Secara implisit, penyebabnya adalah gravitasi, yang baru disadari Newton pada tahun 1687 M dalam bukunya yang amat terkenal Principia. Memang, untuk menangkap makna implisit ini, kemampuan observasi dan intelegensi yang dianugerahkan Allah mutlak diperlukan. Namun yang jelas, Al-Qur’an mampu menstimulasikan “syaraf-syaraf intelegensi” untuk kemudian diwujudkan dalam wujud riset, observasi, dan penelitian lain.
Memang benar, Al-Qur’an bukan kitab ensiklopedia detail sains dan teknologi yang memuat berbagai teori. Akan tetapi, Al-Qur’an mampu memberikan fenomena-fenomena (yang pada hakikatnya adalah landasan teori) pada manusia. Karena ia wahyu Allah Yang Maha Mengetahui, tentu isi yang terkandung di dalamnya pun benar. Pada yang benar itulah hendaknya ilmu pengetahuan berada. Kebenarnnya kekal hingga kiamat nanti. Maka sudah pasti, teori dan konsep masa depan bisa distimulasi mulai dari sekarang. Insya Allah.
Nilna Iqbal
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