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Penerapan hukum dengan mengaitkan HRS pada kasus FH – yang juga masih belum jelas atau belum tentu benar – telah menimbulkan adanya dugaan nuansa kepentingan pragmatis-politis di balik penetapan tersangka kepada keduanya. Sebagaimana diketahui HRS dikenakan sangkaan pidana sebagaimana dimaksudkan pada Pasal 4 ayat (1) jo Pasal 29 jo Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP dan/atau Pasal 6 jo Pasal 32 dan/atau Pasal 9 jo Pasal 35 Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi (UU Pornografi) dan/atau Pasal 27 ayat (1) jo Pasal 45 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE), yang dilakukan oleh tersangka FH baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama-sama dengan HRS.
Kajian secara yuridis dan teoretis ini dimaksudkan untuk membuat terang perkara yang disangkakan kepada FH dan HRS. Sepanjang penerapan hukum dilakukan secara benar, maka tidaklah ada masalah. Namun jika dalam penerapan hukum dalam rangka implementasi penegakan hukum – dalam hal ini proses penyidikan – terdapat adanya berbagai keadaan yang tidak berhubungan, tidak terkait dan tidak ada relevansinya, maka penerapan hukum yang demikian patut dipertanyakan.
Analisis Yuridis-Teoretis
Perlindungan Terhadap Pelanggaran Hak Pribadi (Privacy Rights)
Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE, menyatakan : Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang memiliki muatan yang melanggar kesusilaan. Menurut Penjelasan Pasal 27 Ayat (1) disebutkan bahwa :
Yang dimaksud dengan “mendistribusikan” adalah mengirimkan dan/atau menyebarkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik kepada banyak Orang atau berbagai pihak melalui Sistem Elektronik.
Yang dimaksud dengan “mentransmisikan” adalah mengirimkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Eletronik yang ditujukan kepada satu pihak lain melalui Sistem Elektronik.
Yang dimaksud dengan “membuat dapat diakses” adalah semua perbuatan lain selain mendistribusikan dan mentransmisikan melalui Sistem Elektronik yang menyebabkan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik dapat diketahui pihak lain atau publik.
Dengan mengacu kepada ketentuan Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE, maka seseorang yang mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang memiliki muatan yang melanggar kesusilaan, dengan unsur sengaja dan tanpa hak adalah dikateorikan telah melakukan perbuatan pidana dan kepadanya dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban pidana menurut hukum pidana.
Ketentuan Pasal 27 ayat (1) sangat terkait dengan perlindungan data pribadi yang merupakan salah satu bagian dari hak pribadi (privacy rights) seseorang, sebagaimana diatur dalam Penjelasan Pasal 26 ayat (1) yang menyebutkan bahwa: “Dalam pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi, perlindungan data pribadi merupakan salah satu bagian dari hak pribadi (privacy rights). Hak pribadi mengandung pengertian sebagai berikut:
Hak pribadi merupakan hak untuk menikmati kehidupan pribadi dan bebas dari segala macam gangguan.
Hak pribadi merupakan hak untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan Orang lain tanpa tindakan memata-matai.
Hak pribadi merupakan hak untuk mengawasi akses informasi tentang kehidupan pribadi dan data seseorang.
Hak pribadi merupakan hak untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan Orang lain tanpa tindakan memata-matai, sebagaimana disebutkan pada huruf b di atas juga terkait dengan tindakan “intersepsi atau penyadapan” yang merugikan hak pribadi (privacy rights) seseorang. Disebutkan pada Penjelasan Pasal 31ayat (1) bahwa : yang dimaksud dengan “intersepsi atau penyadapan” adalah kegiatan untuk mendengarkan, merekam, membelokkan, mengubah, menghambat, dan/atau mencatat transmisi Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang tidak bersifat publik, baik menggunakan jaringan kabel komunikasi maupun jaringan nirkabel, seperti pancaran elektromagnetis atau radio frekuensi. Seharusnya, posisi FH dan HRS adalah sebagai korban dari adanya tindakan seseorang yang telah memenuhi unsur Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE.
Pemanfaatan Sistem Elektronik Secara Tidak Sah (Melawan Hukum)
Pada sangkaan terhadap FH, diyakini telah ada suatu tindakan intersepsi (penyadapan) oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab yang kemudian berlanjut pada perbuatan mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang memiliki muatan yang melanggar kesusilaan. Bahkan patut diduga adanya rekayasa pemanfaatan Sistem Elektronik – dalam hal ini HP milik FH – yang didalamnya terdapat konten (foto) pribadi FH. Menurut keterangan FH, bahwa memang di dalam galery HP terdapat foto dirinya dan tidak dalam keadaan telanjang atau yang dipersamakan dengan itu. Namun, menjelang Aksi 212, dirinya ditangkap dan kemudian ditahan bersama dengan aktivis yang lainnya dengan dugaan tindak pidana terhadap keamanan negara / makar sebagaimana dimaksud pada Pasal 107 jo Pasal 110 jo Pasal 87 KUHP. Diketahui pula, bahwa HP miliknya sebanyak 3 (tiga) buah telah disita oleh penyidik. Di sisi lain, whatsapp HRS telah dimanfaatkan oleh pihak tertentu, sehingga melalui HP tersebut telah digunakan secara tidak sah dan tentunya merugikan HRS.
Menjadi pertanyaan apakah benar yang bersangkutan (FH) telah melakukan perbuatan pidana dan tentunya memenuhi unsur melawan hukum? Di sini justru terlihat adanya tindakan yang secara melawan hukum (wederrechtelijk) dalam bentuk tanpa hak mendistribusikan dan/atau mentransmisikan dan/atau membuat dapat diaksesnya Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik yang memiliki muatan yang melanggar kesusilaan. Frasa “tanpa hak” pada rumusan Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE identik dengan perbuatan melawan hukum. Dengan kata lain, melawan hukum dimaksud adalah menggambarkan sifat tidak sah dari suatu tindakan atau suatu maksud tertentu.
Dugaaan adanya perbuatan pidana melanggar UU Pornografi patut dipertanyakan. FH tidak ada kualitas sebagai pelaku perbuatan pidana dan oleh karenanya tidak pula unsur kesalahan sebagai syarat untuk dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban.
Pengecualian Perbuatan Pidana Dalam UU Pornografi
Syarat seseorang terancam pidana sebagaimana dimaksudkan pada Pasal 4 ayat (1) UU Pornografi adalah adanya perbuatan memproduksi, membuat, memperbanyak, menggandakan, menyebarluaskan, menyiarkan, mengimpor, mengekspor, menawarkan, memperjualbelikan, menyewakan, atau menyediakan pornografi yang secara eksplisit memuat antara lain ketelanjangan atau tampilan yang mengesankan ketelanjangan. Adapun Pasal 6 mensyaratkan perbuatan memperdengarkan, mempertontonkan, memanfaatkan, memiliki, atau menyimpan produk pornografi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 4 ayat (1) UU Pornografi. Penting untuk dipahami bahwa pada kedua pasal tersebut terdapat pengecualian, sebagai berikut:
Penjelasan Pasal 4 ayat (1) menyebutkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan “membuat” adalah tidak termasuk untuk dirinya sendiri dan kepentingan sendiri. Penjelasan Pasal 6 menyebutkan bahwa larangan “memiliki atau menyimpan” tidak termasuk untuk dirinya sendiri dan kepentingan sendiri.
Perbuatan “membuat” dan “memiliki atau menyimpan” dikecualikan sebagaimana rumusan Penjelasan Pasal 4 ayat (1) dan Penjelasan Pasal 6, jika memang dimaksudkan bukan untuk disebarluaskan, namun hanya untuk dirinya sendiri dan kepentingan sendiri.
Makna kepentingan sendiri sebagaimana dimaksudkan pada Penjelasan Pasal 4 ayat (1) dan Pasal 6 harus dikaitkan dengan hak pribadi (privacy rights) seseorang, sebagaimana diatur dalam Penjelasan Pasal 26 ayat (1) huruf b, yakni: hak pribadi merupakan hak untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan Orang lain tanpa tindakan memata-matai. Berkomunikasi dengan Orang lain tentunya sangat terkait dan identik dengan makna kepentingan sendiri.
Kemudian, apakah dapat dipastikan bahwa yang bersangkutan sesuai dengan sangkaan Pasal 8 yang menyatakan bahwa “setiap orang dilarang dengan sengaja atau atas persetujuan dirinya menjadi objek atau model yang mengandung muatan pornografi.” Pada sangkaan terhadap HRS yang mengacu kepada ketentuan Pasal 9 UU Pornografi yang menyebutkan “Setiap orang dilarang menjadikan orang lain sebagai objek atau model yang mengandung muatan pornografi.” Di sini HRS diposisikan selaku pihak yang bertanggungjawab karena telah menjadikan FH sebagai objek atau model yang mengandung muatan pornografi. Jelasnya, sangkaan kepada FH dengan menjadikan dirinya sebagai objek atau model yang mengandung muatan pornografi (dengan persetujuan dirinya) terkait dengan adanya permintaan dari HRS sebelumnya. Dengan konstruksi demikian, maka diterapkan Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP terhadap rumusan tindak pidana pada Pasal 4 ayat (1) jo Pasal 29 jo dan/atau Pasal 6 jo Pasal 32 UU Pornografi.
Disini penetapan status Tersangka, harus didasarkan adanya kepentingan menjadi objek atau model yang mengandung muatan pornografi. Apakah FH telah dengan sengaja – dalam artian menghendaki dan mengetahui – atau atas persetujuan dirinya sebagai objek atau model yang mengandung muatan pornografi yang notabene melanggar hukum. Jika memang benar FH menyimpan konten (foto) ketelanjangan atau tampilan yang mengesankan ketelanjangan dirinya sendiri, maka sepanjang diperuntukkan untuk dirinya sendiri dan kepentingan sendiri, maka itu bukanlah perbuatan pidana, tidak ada sifat melawan hukum dan sekaligus tidak ada unsur kesalahan (mens rea) sebagai syarat utama pertanggungjawaban pidana. Di sisi lain, yang melakukan penyebarluasan konten tersebut bukanlah yang bersangkutan, melainkan orang lain, yang sampai saat ini Penyidik belum mampu menemukannya. Adalah tidak masuk akal jika yang bersangkutan yang telah menyebarluaskan ke dunia maya, sesuatu yang di luar nalar dan akal sehat. Oleh karena itu, sangkaan tindak pidana yang mengacu kepada Pasal 4 ayat (1) dan Pasal 6 tidaklah tepat dengan tidak mengindahkan adanya pengecualian pada pasal tersebut, sedangkan sangkaan pada Pasal 8 tidaklah memenuhi unsur kesengajaan. Tegasnya, pada diri FH tidak ada keadaan psikis atau batin tertentu dan tidak ada hubungan tertentu antara keadaan batin tersebut dengan perbuatan yang disangkakan. Adapun penetapan HRS sebagai orang yang dianggap telah menjadikan FH sebagai objek atau model yang mengandung muatan pornografi, sebagaimana rumusan Pasal 9 UU Pornografi juga patut dipertanyakan. Dikatakan demikian, oleh karena kebenaran atas permintaan tersebut melalui chat antara keduanya sangat diragukan kebenarannya. Petunjuk yang mendukung pendapat ini adalah adanya pemanfaaan secara tidak sah atas whatsapp milik FH dan HRS oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab, dan disebarluaskan ke dunia maya dengan tanpa hak (melawan hukum). Seharusnya, pihak yang menyebarluaskan itulah yang harus bertanggungjawab secara hukum sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 27 ayat (1) UU ITE. Dengan adanya penyebarluasan tersebut, posisi FH dan HRS seharusnya dikategorikan sebagai korban, bukan sebaliknya sebagai Tersangka. [opinibangsa.id / kn]
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