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Agama Islam masuk ke Turkistan Timur pada tahun 96 H/715 M, saat Khalifah Al-Walid Bin Abdul Malik (Al-Walid I), salah satu khalifah dinasti Umawiyah, sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Ibnu Jarier At-Thabari dalam kitabnya Tarikh Ar-Rusul Wal Muluk (Sejarah Para Rasul dan Raja).
Setelah Qutaibah Bin Muslim Al-Bahili (Sang Penaklukan Daratan China) selesai menaklukkan Asia Tengah, dia bersama pasukannya melanjutkan perjalanan menjuju China dan membentuk pusat pemerintahan Islam baru di Turkistan yang tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam, karena orang-orang Turki membentuk Negara-negara kecil di kawasan Asia Tengah ini.
Republik Turkestan Timur Pertama (RTTP), atau Republik Islam Turki Turkestan Timur adalah republik Islam yang berumur pendek, didirikan pada tahun 1933.
Republik Turkestan Timur Pertama dikenal sebagai pemerintahan yang hanya bertahan sesaat dari 1932-1934 di dekat wilayah Kashgar. Sedang Republik Turkestan Timur Kedua dibentuk pada 1944 dan bertahan hingga kedatangan Pasukan Pembebasan Rakyat milik Partai Komunis Tiongkok tahun 1949.
Negara yang dulu berpusat di kota Kashgar di wilayah Daerah Otonomi Xinjiang dengan dihuni mayoritas etnis Uighur, sekarang disebut Republik Rakyat China.
 |
| Para pemimpin Republik Islam Turki Turkestan Timur tahun 1933 |
Turkistan merupakan negara yang sangat penting dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Islam lainnya. Sampai-sampai Yaqut Al-Hamawi dalam ensiklopedinya mengatakan bahwa daerah ini adalah daerah yang sangat subur yang kesuburannya tidak didapatkan di negara-negara Islam lainnya. Daerah inilah yang melahirkan imam-imam besar umat Islam, seperti Imam Al-Bukhari, At-Tirmidzi dan Al-Farabi.
Turkistan saat ini terpecah menjadi dua akibat masuknya penjajahan Rusia dan China ke daerah ini. Oleh karena itu ada daerah yang menjadi jajahan Rusia dan daerah yang menjadi jajahan China.
Daerah yang menjadi jajahan Rusia meliputi Turkistan Barat tebagi menjadi enam Negara, yaitu Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan dan Azerbaijan. Masing-masing negara tersebut telah memisahkan diri dari Uni Soviet setelah terpecahnya Uni Soviet pada tahun 1991 M.
Daerah yang kedua adalah Turkistan Timur yang terletak di kawasan Asia Tengah. Dibatasi oleh Uni Soviet (kini Rusia) di sebelah Utara, Turkistan Barat di sebelah barat, Pakistan, Kashmir dan Tibet di sebelah selatan, China di sebelah timur dan Mongolia di timur laut. Oleh karena itu Turkistan Timur sangat diuntugkan oleh letak geografisnya karena ia merupakan daerah yang sangat strategis bagi perdagangan dunia karena dilalui oleh jalur sutera.
Turkistan Timur menjadi jajahan China beberapa kali hingga akhirnya China benar-benar menguasainya pada tahun 1994. Sejak tahun itu pula Turkistan Timur berubah nama menjadi Xinjiang yang berarti negara jajahan baru.
Selain luasnya yang mencapai satu juta delapan ratus kilometer persegi, Xinjiang juga memiliki kekayaan alam yang melimpah, diantaranya batu bara, anggur, tembaga dan minyak bumi.
Turkistan Timur didiami oleh orang-orang Muslim yang berasal dari Turki baik yang dari suku Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Tajik, Mongol dan Tatar.
Selain itu negeri ini juga didiami oleh mayoritas sukur Uighur yang mana bahasa mereka adalah bahasa Uighur, yaitu salah satu cabang bahasa Turki tetapi ditulis dengan huruf Arab.
Salah satu kota terpenting di Turkistan Timur adalah kota Kashgar yang penduduknya didominasi oleh suku Uighur. Sendangkan salah satu ikon kota ini adalah Masjid Id Kah yang merupakan masjid bersejarah dan dibangun pada tahun 1441 M. Halamannya selalu dipenuhi oleh wisatawan dan umat Islam pada hari raya.
Sejak dijajah China pada tahun 1949 umat Islam Turkistan Timur terus-menerus dipakasa untuk melepaskan identitas keislaman mereka, salah satunya adalah dengan dilarangnya pengajaran bahasa Uighur di sekolah-sekolah dan diganti dengan bahasa China.
Selain itu pemerintah China melakukan penangkapan terhadap umat Islam secara luas dan terus-menerus, sampai-sampai hampir setiap orang dari satu keluarga dijebloskan ke dalam penjara.
Pada bulan April 2017 diadakan pengadilan di kota Hotan bagi lebih dari 500 orang umat Islam yang memvonis mereka denga kurungan antara 5-30 tahun. Di kota Hotan pula seorang yang biasa dipanggil Habibullah divonis kurungan penjara selama 35 tahun dan istrinya selama 30 tahun dengan tuduhan mendirikan sekolah secara diam-diam untuk mengajarkan agama Islam kepada anak-anak muslimin.
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| Masjid Id Kah, Xinjiang dipenuhi umat Islam (Wiki) |
Bagi yang melanggar peraturan terebut akan dilarang masuk rumah sakit, stasiun dan tempat-tempat umum. Lebih parahnya lagi para imam masjid dipaksa menghadiri festival-festifal tarian. Bahkan di kota-kota yang didominasi umat Islam dan mengalami perubahan demografi secara menyeluruh diadakan pesta minuman keras.
Tekanan dan intimadiasi tak hanya dialami oleh umat Islam yang ada di Turkistan Timur, para mahasiswa yang belajar di universitas-universitas Islam di luar negeri pun mengalaminya.
Akhir-akhir ini terbit keputusan untuk memulangkan para pelajar muslim yang belajar agama di berbagai universitas Islam di luar China dan menangkap keluarga mereka sebagai ancaman agar mereka berhenti kuliah dan pulang ke kampung masing-masing. Tetapi setelah mereka pulang kampung mereka pun ditangkap dan dijebloskan ke penjara.
Umat Islam Turkistan Timur sangat mencitai agama mereka. Hal ini tergambar ketika datangnya bulan Ramadhan. Mereka saling mengunjungi sama lain dan saling memberi hidangan berbuka puasa. Mereka juga mendirikan shalat Tarawih dengan dua atau empat juz Al-Qur’an.
Para kerabat dan tetangga berkumpul di rumah mereka masing-masing dan membaca beberapa juz Al-Qur’an setiap hari. Tetapi ungkapan kecintaan mereka terhadap Islam masih mereka rahasiakan sampai sekarang karena kuatnya tekanan pemerintah China terhadap hak asasi mereka.
Intimidasi juga dirasakan oleh kalangan pegawai dan pelajar di dalam negeri. Mareka dipaksa untuk membatalkan puasa Ramadhan. Umat Islam disana juga dilarang shalat dan dipaksa menjual minuman keras. Maka dari itu umat Islam Turkistan Timur seakan-akan tidak pernah mencium wanginya aroma bulan Ramadhan. Hati mereka mengatakan: “Bulan Ramadhan tidak lewat di negeri ini!”. Semoga Allah segera memberikan kemenangan.(/Fadli Maskur, diambil dari Aljazeera al mubasher/hidayatullah)
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