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Bismillah ….
Bulan Ramadan, musim beramal. Demikian keyakinan banyak orang. Anggapan semacam ini bisa kita nilai benar, mengingat banyaknya dalil yang menunjukkan keutamaan orang yang beramal di bulan ini. Hanya saja, perlu diperhatikan bahwa anggapan ini tidak boleh dijadikan alasan untuk menunda kewajiban yang telah ditetapkan waktunya oleh syariat. Semacam zakat.
Untuk lebih fokus, kita hanya mengkritisi zakat mal, karena hampir tidak dijumpai ada orang Indonesia yang berkewajiban membayar zakat pertanian atau hewan ternak. Sebagaimana yang kita pahami, syarat wajib zakat mal ada dua:
Untuk lebih fokus, kita hanya mengkritisi zakat mal, karena hampir tidak dijumpai ada orang Indonesia yang berkewajiban membayar zakat pertanian atau hewan ternak. Sebagaimana yang kita pahami, syarat wajib zakat mal ada dua:
- Mencapai nishab, yaitu senilai 83 gram emas.
- Genap haul, artinya harta sebesar satu nishab itu telah disimpan selama setahun, menurut kalender hijriah. Ini perlu ditegaskan karena selisih kalender hijriah dengan kalender masehi kurang lebih 11 hari; kalender hijriah lebih cepat.
Ketika sudah genap haul, artinya sudah jatuh tempo, maka zakat harus segera dibayarkan dan tidak boleh ditunda kecuali karena alasan yang dibenarkan syariat. Namun, terkadang kita jumpai ada beberapa pengusaha muslim yang mengakhirkan pembayaran zakatnya sampai Ramadan. Bisa jadi, dia tunda sebulan atau dua bulan, agar bisa dikeluarkan di bulan Ramadan. Harapannya, bisa mendapatkan pahala yang lebih besar. Bagaimana hukum syariat dalam masalah ini? Mari kita simak penjelasan Syekh Muhammad bin Shaleh Al-Munajid dalam situs beliau, www.islamqa.com.
Tanya:
Saya mendengar bahwa mengeluarkan zakat di bulan Ramadan lebih baik daripada membayarnya di luar bulan Ramadan. Apakah ini benar? Apa dalilnya? Perlu diketahui, waktu jatuh tempo pembayaran zakat seharusnya adalah sebelum atau sesudah Ramadan.
Jawab:
Pertama, jika harta yang sudah mencapai nishab (senilai 83 gram emas) telah disimpan selama setahun hijriah maka zakatnya wajib dikeluarkan seketika itu. Allah berfirman,
سَابِقُوا إِلَى مَغْفِرَةٍ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ وَجَنَّةٍ عَرْضُهَا كَعَرْضِ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ
“Bersegeralah menuju ampunan Rabb kalian (Allah), dan surga yang lebarnya seluas langit dan bumi.” (Q.s. Al-Hadid:21)
Ibnu Baththal mengatakan, “Sikap yang baik, hendaknya orang menyegerahkan dalam beramal karena berbagai halangan menghadang, banyak rintangan yang mungkin muncul, kematian tidak bisa diprediksi, dan menunda amal bukanlah sikap yang terpuji.”
Ibnu Hajar menambahkan, “Segera beramal akan lebih cepat menggugurkan kewajiban, lebih jauh dari sikap menunda-nunda yang tercela, mengundang ridha Allah, dan menghapuskan dosa.” (Fathul Bari Syarh Shahih Bukhari, 3:299)
Kedua, tidak boleh mengakhirkan pembayaran zakat setelah haul (genap disimpan setahun) kecuali karena uzur (alasan) yang dibenarkan.
Ketiga, boleh mengeluarkan zakat sebelum waktu jatuh tempo, sebagai bentuk menyegerakan pembayaran. Dalilnya: Dari Ali bin Abi Thalib, bahwa Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam menyegerahkan pembayaran zakat milik Abbas untuk masa zakat dua tahun. (H.r. Al-Qasim bin Sallam dalam Al-Amwal, no. 1885; dinilai hasan oleh Al-Albani dalam Al-Irwa’)
Disebutkan dalam riwayat yang lain, dari Ali, bahwa Abbas meminta Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam untuk menyegerakan pembayaran zakatnya sebelum haul (setahun), dan Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam mengizinkannya. (H.r. Turmudzi, Abu Daud, dan Ibnu Majah; dinilai sahih oleh Syekh Ahmad Syakir dalam Tahqiq Musnad Ahmad)
Keempat, banyak beramal dan memberikan sedekah di bulan Ramadan lebih utama dibandingkan di luar bulan Ramadan. Dari Ibnu Abbas radhiallahu ‘anhuma; beliau mengatakan, “Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam adalah manusia paling dermawan. Beliau lebih dermawan lagi jika di bulan Ramadan, ketika Jibril datang kepadanya. Jibril mendatanginya setiap malam di bulan Ramadan kemudian mengajarkan Alquran kepada beliau. Sungguh, Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam lebih dermawan dalam memberikan kebaikan melebihi angin yang berembus.” (H.r. Bukhari dan Muslim)
Imam An-Nawawi mengatakan, “Di antara pelajaran dari hadis: dianjurkannya lebih banyak berderma ketika Ramadan.” (Syarh Shahih Muslim, 15:69)
Karena itu, orang yang zakatnya seharusnya dibayar di bulan Ramadan atau setelah bulan Ramadan, kemudian dia menyegerakan pembayarannya untuk mendapatkan keutamaan berzakat di bulan Ramadan, maka hal itu diperbolehkan. Adapun, orang yang zakatnya harus dikeluarkan sebelum Ramadan (misalnya di bulan Rajab), kemudian ditundanya agar bisa dibayarkan di bulan Ramadan maka praktik semacam ini tidak diperbolehkan, karena zakat tidak boleh ditunda dari waktu yang telah ditetapkan, kecuali karena uzur.
Kelima, terkadang ada sebab tertentu, sewaktu mengeluarkan zakat pada saat itu lebih utama daripada berzakat di bulan Ramadan. Misalnya, ketika sedang terjadi krisis dan kelaparan yang melanda sebagian negeri Islam; atau karena banyak orang kaya yang membayar zakatnya di bulan Ramadan, sehinga kebutuhan orang miskin sudah tercukupi, sementara di selain Ramadan tidak ada orang yang memberi zakat. Pada keaadaan ini, mengeluarkan zakat lebih utama dibandingkan di bulan Ramadan.
Keenam, boleh menunda pembayaran zakat karena uzur yang diperbolehkan syariat. Misalnya, dalam memerhatikan kemaslahatan dan distribusi kebutuhan orang miskin.
Syekh Ibnu Utsaimin mengatakan, “Boleh menunda pembayaran zakat karena memerhatikan kemaslahatan orang miskin, bukan untuk menyusahkan mereka. Seperti, di tempat kita ketika bulan Ramadan, banyak orang yang mengeluarkan zakat, sehingga kebutuhan orang miskin sudah tercukupi. Akan tetapi, di musim dingin di luar Ramadan, mereka lebih membutuhkan bantuan, sedangkan jarang ada orang yang mengeluarkan zakatnya saat itu. Dalam keadaan ini, pembayaran zakat boleh ditunda karena itu lebih baik bagi orang yang berhak menerimanya.” (Syarhul Mumthi’, 6:189)
Sumber : konsultasisyariah.com
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