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SOALAN:
Salam. Boleh saya tanya? Seseorang suami yang berpendapatan rendah, adakah perlu merancang keluarga?
JAWAPAN:
Waalaikumussalam wbt,
Para ulama berbeza pandangan tentang hukum tanzim al-usrah atau perancangan keluarga atas alasan kemiskinan.
Pendapat pertama:
Bagi mereka yang tidak membenarkannya, mereka berhujah:
- Rezeki itu berada dalam ketentuan Allah, dan Allahlah yang menetapkan pembahagian rezeki bagi setiap anak. Allah berfirman dalam al-Quran:
وَلاَ تَقْتُلُواْ أَوْلاَدَكُم مِّنْ إمْلاَقٍ نَّحْنُ نَرْزُقُكُمْ وَإِيَّاهُمْ
Maksudnya: Dan janganlah kamu membunuh anak-anak kamu kerana kepapaan, (sebenarnya) Kamilah yang memberi rezeki kepada kamu dan kepada mereka.
Surah al-An’am, (6:151)
- Penyerupaan amalan Jahiliyyah yang membunuh anak-anak mereka kerana takut miskin, sekalipun kaedah ini hanyalah menghalang lahirnya anak-anak. Namun tujuannya adalah sama, yakni takut miskin, maka hukum tujuan ialah hukum wasilah (sarana).
- Rezeki itu adalah milik Allah, dan perancangan keluarga kerana takutkan kemiskinan ialah suatu bentuk sangka buruk kepada Allah. Maka sepatutnya seseorang itu bertawakal kepada Allah kerana Allah akan memberikan rezeki kepada siapa yang Dia ingini tanpa hisab. Wajib baginya berbaik sangka kepada Allah kerana seseorang itu tidak mengetahui hakikat kebaikan dan keperluan yang sebenar seperti yang ditentukan oleh Allah. Firman Allah Taala:
وَعَسَى أَن تَكْرَهُواْ شَيْئاً وَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ وَعَسَى أَن تُحِبُّواْ شَيْئاً وَهُوَ شَرٌّ لَّكُمْ وَاللّهُ يَعْلَمُ وَأَنتُمْ لاَ تَعْلَمُونَ
Maksudnya: Dan boleh jadi kamu benci kepada sesuatu padahal ia baik bagi kamu, dan boleh jadi kamu suka kepada sesuatu padahal ia buruk bagi kamu, dan (ingatlah) Allah jualah yang mengetahui (semuanya itu) sedang kamu tidak mengetahuinya.
Surah al-Baqarah, (2:216)
Pendapat kedua
Bagi mereka yang membenarkannya, mereka memperincikan perancangan keluarga atautanzim al-usrah kepada tanzim al-nasal (perancangan anak) dan tahdid al-nasal(membataskan anak).
Tanzim al-Nasal merujuk kepada usaha untuk menjarakkan anak dengan menggunakan kaedah-kaedah seperti memakan ubatan pil perancang, melakukan persetubuhan pada waktu tidak subur, memakai kondom, melakukan azal (ejakulasi luar rahim), dan mengeluarkan air mani daripada kemaluan wanita selepas selesai persetubuhan dan memasang perantiintrauterine (IUD) bagi tujuan pemandulan sementara. Kaedah ini diharuskan denga syarat-syarat:
- Iktikad bahawa jika Allah ingin mengurniakan anak juga, tiada siapa yang boleh menghalang dan wajiblah pasangan memelihara kandungan dan menjaga maslahatnya.
- Tidak mendatangkan kemudaratan kepada pasangan khususnya isteri.
- Dilakukan dengan kebenaran dan persetujuan kedua-dua suami isteri.
Ini berdalilkan athar daripada Jabir RA:
كُنَّا نَعْزِلُ عَلَى عَهْدِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَالقُرْآنُ يَنْزِلُ
Maksudnya: Kami dahulu melakukan `azal pada zaman Rasulullah SAW sedangkan al-Quran sedang turun.
Hadis riwayat Imam al-Bukhari (no. 5209) dalam al-Sahih
Ertinya, tiada larangan daripada al-Quran tentang perkara itu kerana jika ia dilarang nescaya al-Quran akan menyatakan larangan. Dalam riwayat Abu Said al-Khudri bahawa Rasulullah SAW pernah ditanya tentang `azal, maka baginda menjawab:
مَا عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْ لاَ تَفْعَلُوا، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ كَتَبَ مَنْ هُوَ خَالِقٌ إِلَى يَوْمِ القِيَامَةِ
Maksudnya: Apa yang baik atas kamu agar kamu tidak melakukannya, kerana Allah telah menulis siapakah yang menjadi Pencipta (bagi setiap sesuatu) sehingga Hari Kiamat.
Dalam riwayat Abu Said RA menyebut:
لَيْسَتْ نَفْسٌ مَخْلُوقَةٌ إِلَّا اللَّهُ خَالِقُهَا
Maksudnya: Tiada suatu nyawa pun yang diciptakan melainkan Allahlah Penciptanya.
Hadis riwayat Imam al-Bukhari (no. 7409)
Ertinya, jika Allah mengkehendaki seorang anak itu dikandungkan dan dilahirkan juga, tiada siapa yang boleh menghalang. Maka, pasagan yang merancang itu hendaklah reda, beramanah dan berasa tanggungjawab.
Manakala Tahdid al-Nasal menggunakan kaedah yang lebih melibatkan campur tangan perubatan yang kekal seperti pemandulan kekal dan melakukan pengguguran. Kaedah ini dianggap haram kerana melibatkan pengubahan ciptaan Allah, merosakkan asas kehidupan dan melakukan pembunuhan. Ini juga tindakan yang menafikan Allah sebagai Pemberi Rezeki bagi ibu bapa dan anak-anak. Apatahlagi jika ia dilakukan oleh wanita atau lelaki yang belum berkahwin. Pengecualian ialah bagi kes yang melibatkan masalah kesihatan yang mengancam nyawa seseorang wanita seperti risiko besar kematian atau menyebabkan masalah kesihatan yang kritikal bagi ibu akibat mengandung dan bersalin. Maka ketika itu, boleh dilakukan pengguguran sebelum kandungan mencapai umur 120 hari daripada tarikh persenyawaan berlaku, atau 106 hari daripada hari terakhir haid.
Fatwa-fatwa ulama
Imam al-Ghazzali berpendapat pengguguran kandungan ialah haram mutlak sekalipun pada peringkat awal seperti nutfah kerana ianya asas kehidupan manusia. Namun, beliau beliau berpendapat bahawa azal ialah harus dan menyatakan beberapa niat syarie untuk melakukan azal antaranya ialah faktor ekonomi, kesihatan isteri, dan kecantikan isteri bagi tujuan kasih sayang berpanjangan antara pasangan bagi mengelakkan talaq. Beliau juga menyatakan faktor yang fasid (rosak) yang tidak boleh diterima dan berdosa seperti takut untuk mendapat anak perempuan.
Rujuk Ihya' Ulum al-Din (2/52)
Persidangan Majma’ al-Fiqh al-Islami di bawah Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam (OIC) di Kuwait pada 1-6 Jamadilakhir 1409 H bersamaan 15 Disember 1988 M telah memutuskan, antara lain:
- Haramnya menghilangkan kemampuan reproduksi daripada lelaki atau pun wanita, seperti apa yang dikenali dengan pemandulan. Pengecualian diberikan dalam kes-kes darurat yang perlu ditimbang dengan kayu ukur yang Syarie.
- Dibolehkan untuk mengawal secara sementara kemampuan reproduksi dengan tujuan menjarakkan antara tempoh-tempoh kehamilan, atau menghentikan bagi tempoh tertentu, jika terdapat keperluan yang diambil kira oleh Syarak, berdasarkan persetujuan dan keredaan daripada perbincangan antara kedua pasangan yang sah, dengan syarat kaedah kawalan untuk tidak mendatangkan mudarat, berdasarkan kaedah yang tepat dengan syariat, dan tidak menzalimi kandungan yang sedia ada.
Rujuk Majallah al-Majma’ Siri 4 (1/73).
Syeikh Atiyyah pada Mei, 1997 melalui Dar al-Ifta’ al-Misriyyah mengeluarkan fatwa atas soalan hukum melakukan pemandulan bagi tujuan perancangan keluarga bahawa dibolehkan pemandulan atas alasan kesihatan atau selainnya bagi tempoh tertentu, dengan syarat kemampuan untuk reproduksi itu kekal dan boleh digunakan kembali apabila masa berlalu. Justeru, tidak boleh pemandulan itu dilakukan jika kesannya bersifat sempurna dan kekal sehingga hilang kemampuan dan fungsinya, melainkan wujudnya kemudaratan yang serius.
Rujuk Fatawa Dar al-Ifta’ al-Misriyyah (47/10)
Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia Kali Ke-28 yang bersidang pada 29 Februari 1991 telah membincangkan Sistem Susuk Norplant Dalam Program Perancang Keluarga Kebangsaan. Muzakarah telah memutuskan bahawa Sistem Susuk Norplant ini adalah harus digunakan. Penggunaan sistem ini hendaklah tertakluk kepada keputusan Muzakarah Kali Ke-12 pada 20 Januari 1977 yang memutuskan hukum mengenai Perancang Keluarga adalah seperti berikut:
- Memandul lelaki dan perempuan hukumnya adalah haram.
- Mencegah beranak atau menghadkan bilangan anak hukumnya adalah haram melainkan dengan sebab yang diharuskan oleh syarak bagi orang perseorangan.
- Menyusun keluarga dari kesihatan, pelajaran dan kebahagiaan keluarga dengan cara yang selain daripada (1) dan (2) di atas adalah harus.
Rujuk Kompilasi Pandangan Hukum Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam (ms. 138)
Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan soalan yang dikemukakan, dibolehkan bagi kedua pasangan untuk menggunakan kaedah tanzim al-nasal yang diharuskan oleh Syarak bagi tujuan merancang keluarga dengan cara menjarakkan anak, bagi tujuan pengurusan ekonomi kerana berpendapatan rendah. Ini perlu disertakan dengan niat bahawa jika Allah berkehendakkan pasangan itu anak, maka tiada siapa yang boleh menghalang dan hendaklah pasangan itu reda kepada taqdir Allah dan bersikap bertanggungjawab.
Wallahua'lam.
Akhukum fillah,
S.S Datuk Dr. Zulkifli Bin Mohamad Al-Bakri
Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan
Sumber :muftiwp
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