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Istilah persekusi saat ini kencang dihembuskan media dan beberapa lembaga “HAM Defender” untuk melabeli pihak yang mendatangi dan meminta klarifikasi kepada orang yang melakukan penghinaan terhadap Islam dan ulama melalui media sosial. Bahkan Kapolri juga latah menggunakannya, sembari berjanji akan menindak tegas pelaku persekusi. Korban pertama dari penggunaan istilah itu adalah Front Pembela Islam (FPI) yang distempel basah sebagai pelaku persekusi oleh media mainstream. Stempel kepada FPI tersebut disimpulkan secara serta merta dan sedemikian rupa hanya karena pihak yang mendatangi dan meminta klarifikasi adalah pihak yang tidak terima agama Islam dan ulama (seringnya Habib Rizieq) dihina di Medsos. Meskipun belum tentu pihak yang melakukannya memang benar-benar mewakili FPI.
Dikarenakan banyaknya pertanyaan Netizen tentang pengertian persekusi, khususnya dalam pengertian hukumnya, dan agar tidak terjadi bias penggunaannya oleh otoritas penegak hukum. Maka, sudah semestinya penggunaan istilah persekusi ini sesuai dengan maksud yang dikandungnya. Jangan sampai hanya untuk “gagah-gagahan” menggunakan istilah malah menjadikan persoalan meluas dan menimbulkan permasalahan baru.
Istilah persekusi tidak dikenal di lapangan hukum Negara Indonesia selayaknya terorisme, tindak pidana korupsi, ataupun aanslag (makar). Namun penggunaan istilah tersebut di dalam hukum positif Indonesia dapat ditelusuri dari makna dan bentuk crimes againts humanity sebagaimana tercantum pada Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf h, Rome Statute of Internacional Court (Statuta Roma), yang dijadikan acuan dan diterjemahkan secara langsung dalam merumuskan salah satu bentuk Kejahatan Terhadap kemanusiaan sebagaimana Pasal 9 huruf h Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pengadilan Hak Azasi Manusia (Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM):
Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf h Statuta Roma:
“For the purpose of this Statute, ‘crime against humanity’ means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack: Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court.”
Pasal 9 huruf h Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM:
“Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 7 huruf b adalah salah satu perbuatan yang dilakukan sebagai bagian dari serangan yang meluas atau sistematik yang diketahuinya bahwa serangan tersebut ditujukan secara langsung terhadap penduduk sipil, berupa: penganiayaan terhadap suatu kelompok tertentu atau perkumpulan yang didasari persamaan paham politik, ras, kebangsaan, etnis, budaya, agama, jenis kelamin atau alasan lain yang telah diakui secara universal sebagai hal yang dilarang menurut hukum internasional”.
Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan sendiri merupakan kejahatan extra ordinary crime (sangat luar biasa) yang menjadi musuh bersama umat manusia beradab (hostis humanis generis), dengan sifat dilakukan secara meluas (widespread) dan sistematis (systematic) yang ditujukan kepada masyarakat sipil, yang tentunya memiliki perbedaan signifikan dengan kejahatan biasa yang tidak mensyaratkan unsur meluas dan sistematis. Pada konteks makna Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan pada hukum Indonesia bahwa penjelasan Pasal 7 Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM menyatakannya sesuai dengan ketentuan Statuta Roma “Kejahatan genosida dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan” dalam ketentuan ini sesuai dengan Rome Statute of The Intemational Criminal Court” (Pasal 6 dan Pasal 7)”. Hal mana pada Pasal 7 ayat (2) huruf a Statuta Roma menentukan arti serangan yang ditujukan kepada masyarakat sipil pada kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan adalah berhubungan dengan kebijakan negara atau kebijakan organisasi “Attack directed against any civilian population’ means a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of acts referred to in paragraph 1 against any civilian population, pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such attack”.
Dalam praktik hukum pidana international baik pada International Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda (ICTR), maupun Tribunal lainnya bahwa Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan pasti dilakukan oleh “Negara” sebagai pihak yang memegang kekuasaan ataupun dilakukan oleh suatu organasisasi yang didukung dan dilindungi oleh Negara sebagai penguasa. Karena mustahil bagi pihak yang tidak memegang kekuasaan atau yang dibantu kekuasaan untuk melakukan kejahatan secara meluas dan sistematis. Tentunya makna meluas dan sistematis ini memiliki paramater hukum sendiri yaitu berhubungan dengan jumlah korban yang masif hingga jutaan orang yang terjadi di sebagian besar wilayah negara, dan dilakukan secara terstruktur oleh pemegang kekuasaan, seperti yang menimpa Muslim Bosnia di Negara ex Yugoslavia dan Suku Tutsi di Rwanda.
Lantas apakah perbuatan yang mendatangi dan memintai pertanggungjawaban kepada orang yang menghina ulama atau umat Islam di media sosial dapat dikategorikan sebagai “Persekusi” sebagaimana dimaksud pada ketentuan Pasal 9 huruf H Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM tersebut. Tentu saja tidak, karena selain TIDAK TERKAIT DAN MEMENUHI SYARAT SEBAGAI KEJAHATAN TERHADAP KEMANUSIAAN, HAL ITU JUGA HANYALAH SEBUAH REAKSI ATAS PENGHINAAN TERHADAP ULAMA YANG TIDAK DIDASARI KARENA PERBEDAAN PANDANGAN POLITIK, RAS, KEBANGSAAN ETNIS, BUDAYA, AGAMA, JENIS KELAMIN. Memang kalau dilihat secara prematur bahwa pihak yang menghina Islam atau ulama terutama Habib Rizieq adalah pihak yang memiliki pandangan politik berseberangan pada Pilkada DKI Jakarta dengan pihak yang mendatanginya, akan tetapi hal tersebut bukanlah menjadi faktor pemicunya. Sebab hal itu tidak terjadi kepada pihak lain yang memiliki pandangan politik berbeda tetapi tidak menghina ulama.
Apabila pada saat klarifikasi tersebut terjadi pemukulan ataupun melakukan tindakan kriminal lainnya, tidaklah berarti telah terjadi persekusi mengingat persekusi yang dapat dikaitkan dengan hukum positif Indonesia hanyalah berkaitan dengan Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan sebagai Pelanggaran HAM berat sebagaimana tercantum pada Statuta Roma dan sangat berdimensi Internasional. Sedangkan pemukulan ataupun tindakan kriminal yang teerjadi tersebut merupakan delik pidana biasa yang diatur pada Pasal-pasal KUHP, maupun pada Undang-Undang lainnya, yang tidak termasuk kualifikasi PERSEKUSI Pasal 7 ayat (1) huruf h Statuta Roma. Oleh sebab itu, jelaslah penggunaan istilah persekusi oleh Lembaga “HAM Defender”, media mainstream dan Kapolri dalam menyikapi fenomena yang terjadi belakangan ini adalah tidak tepat atau menyesatkan. Kesesatan penggunaan istilah persekusi tersebut, mempunyai konsekuensi hukum kepada pihak yang dituduh, sebagai pelaku Pelanggaran HAM Berat berupa Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan, padahal dalam konteks pihak yang dituduh adalah FPI hal itu merupakan suatu kemustahilan.
Mustahil karena FPI bukanlah personifikasi dari negara sebagai pihak yang berkuasa, ataupun organisasi yang dapat mewujudkan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang bersifat meluas dan sistematis. Penulis menangkap maksud lain dari penggunaan istilah persekusi ini “Persecution campaign” adalah untuk menyudutkan pihak-pihak yang gencar melawan penghinaan Islam atau ulama di Media sosial. Penulis menyimpulkan hal itu, karena penggunaan istilah persekusi dalam hal ini sangat berlebihan dan sangat berdimensi Internasional, karena istilah itu adalah untuk Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan HAM Berat, bukan untuk tindak pidana pemukulan atau pengeroyokan biasa yang merupakan domain KUHP. Apalagi pihak yang dicitrakan sebagai victim adalah pihak yang mengakui telah memposting ujaran kebencian berupa penghinaan terhadap Islam dan ulama (Materai Rp.6.000,-), tanpa sedikitpun menyinggung untuk melakukan penegakan hukum terhadapnya.
Lebih tepat bagi Lembaga “HAM Defender” dan Media Mainstream untuk tidak memprovokasi dengan menggunakan istilah persekusi yang dapat memberikan FRAMING INTERNATIONALISASI DAN KEJAHATAN HAM BERAT kepada pihak-pihak yang tidak terima agama dan ulamanya dihina di media sosial. Begitu pula dengan Kapolri mestinya menggunakan istilah yang proporsional sesuai dengan tindakan kriminal pelakunya, yaitu kalau terjadi penganiaayan dinyatakan sebagai penganiaayan, pengeroyokan dinyatakan sebagai pengeroyokan, dan penghinaan sebagai penghinaan, sesuai dengan ketentuan KUHP dan Undang-Undang lainnya.
Penulis: Rangga Lukita Desnata, S.H., M.H. (Direktur Eksekutif LBH Street Lawyer, Anggota Pushami, Tim Advokat GNPF-MUI, yang mendapatkan gelar sarjana hukum di Universitas Padjadjaran dan Magister Hukum di Universitas Indonesia)
(kiblat)
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