Al-Qur'an Melarang Keras Merebut Suami atau Istri Orang, [Merinding] Ini Akibatnya!

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Dari Abî Hurairah –radhiyallâhu ‘anhu- ia berkata: “Rasulullâh – shallallâhu ‘alaihi wa sallam – bersabda: ‘Siapa menipu dan merusak (hubungan) seorang hamba sahaya dari tuannya, maka ia bukanlah bagian dari kami, dan siapa yang merusak (hubungan) seorang wanita dari suaminya, maka ia bukanlah dari kami'”. [Hadîts shahîh diriwayatkan oleh Ahmad, Al-Bazzâr, Ibn Hibbân, Al-Nasâ-î dalam al-Kubrâ dan Al-Baihaqî].

Teks Hadîts

Rasulullâh –shallallâhu ‘alaihi wa sallam – bersabda:

عَنْ أَبِيْ هُرَيْرَةَ – رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُ – قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ – صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: (( مَنْ خَبَّبَ عَبْدًا عَلَى أَهْلِهِ فَلَيْسَ مِنَّا، وَمَنْ أَفْسَدَ اِمْرَأَةً عَلَى زَوْجِهَا فَلَيْسَ مِنَّا )) [حديث صحيح رواه أحمد والبزار وابن حبان والنسائي في الكبرى والبيهقي]

Takhrîj Hadîts

Hadîts ini diriwayatkan oleh Imam Ahmad dalam Al-Musnad [juz 2, hal. 397], Al-Bazzâr [lihat Mawârid al-Zham’ân juz 1, hal. 320], Ibn Hibbân dalam shahîh [juz 12, hal. 370], Al-Nasâ-î dalam Al-Sunan al-Kubrâ [juz 5, hal. 385], dan Al-Baihaqî dalam Al-Sunan al-Kubrâ [juz 8, hal. 13], juga dalam Syu’abu al-Îmân [juz 4, hal. 366, juz 7, hal. 496].

Syekh Nâshir al-Dîn al-Albânî menilai hadîts ini sebagai hadîts shahîh [Silsilah al-Ahâdîts al-Shahîhah hadîts no. 325].

Kandungan Hadîts
Secara garis besar hadîts ini berisi kecaman keras terhadap dua perbuatan, yaitu:

1. Mengganggu seorang pelayan, atau pembantu atau budak yang telah bekerja pada seorang tuan, sehingga hubungan di antara pelayan dan tuannya menjadi rusak, lalu sang pelayan pergi meninggalkan tuannya, atau tuannya memecat dan mengusir sang pelayannya.

2. Mengganggu seorang wanita yang berstatus istri bagi seorang lelaki, sehingga hubungan di antara suami istri itu menjadi rusak, lalu sang istri itu meminta cerai dari suaminya, atau sang suami menceraikan istrinya.

Bentuk-Bentuk Gangguan dan Tindakan Merusak

Ada beragam bentuk dan cara seseorang merusak hubungan diantara suami istri, di antaranya adalah:

1. Berdoa dan memohon kepada Allâh –subhânahu wa ta’âlâ- agar hubungan seorang wanita dengan suaminya menjadi rusak dan terjadi perceraian di antara keduanya.

2. Bersikap baik, bertutur kata manis dan melakukan berbagai macam tindakan yang secara lahiriah baik, akan tetapi, menyimpan maksud merusak hubungan seorang wanita dengan suaminya (atau sebaliknya). Perlu kita ketahui terkadang sihir itu berupa tutur kata yang memiliki kemampuan “menghipnotis” lawan bicaranya. Rasulullâh –shallallâhu ‘alahi wa sallam- bersabda: “Sesungguhnya sebagian dari sebuah penjelasan atau tutur kata itu adalah benar-benar sihir”. (H.R. Bukhârî dalam al-Adab al-Mufrad, Abû Dâwud dan Ibn Mâjah. Syekh Albânî menilai hadîts ini sebagai hadîts hasan [silsilah al-ahâdîts al-shahîhah, hadîts no. 1731]).

3. Memasukkan bisikan, kosa kata yang bersifat menipu dan memicu, serta memprovokasi seorang wanita agar berpisah dari suaminya (atau sebaliknya), dengan iming-iming akan dinikahi olehnya atau oleh orang lain, atau dengan iming-iming lainnya. Perbuatan seperti ini adalah perbuatan tukang sihir dan perbuatan syetan (Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 102). Rasulullâh –shallallâhu ‘alaihi wa sallam- bersabda: “Sesungguhnya Iblis menempatkan singgasananya di atas air, lalu menyebar anak buahnya ke berbagai penjuru, yang paling dekat dengan sang Iblis adalah yang kemampuan fitnahnya paling hebat di antara mereka, salah seorang dari anak buah itu datang kepadanya dan melapor bahwa dirinya telah berbuat begini dan begitu, maka sang Iblis berkata: ‘kamu belum berbuat sesuatu’, lalu seorang anak buah lainnya datang dan melapor bahwa dia telah berbuat begini dan begitu sehingga mampu memisahkan antara seorang suami dari istrinya, maka sang Iblis menjadikan sang anak buah ini sebagai orang yang dekat dengannya, dan Iblis berkata: ‘tindakanmu sangat bagus sekali’, lalu mendekapnya”. (H.R. Muslim [5032]).

4. Meminta, atau menekan secara terus terang agar seseorang wanita meminta cerai dari suaminya atau agar seorang suami menceraikan istrinya dengan tanpa alasan yang dibenarkan oleh syari’at. Rasulullâh –shallallâhu ‘alaihi wa sallam- bersabda: “Tidak halal bagi seorang wanita meminta (kepada suaminya) agar sang suami mencerai wanita lain (yang menjadi istrinya) dengan maksud agar sang wanita ini memonopli ‘piringnya’, sesungguhnya hak dia adalah apa yang telah ditetapkan untuknya”. (Hadîts muttafaq ‘alaih).

Bentuk-bentuk seperti ini sangat tercela, dan termasuk dosa besar jika dilakukan oleh seseorang kepada seorang wanita yang menjadi istri orang lain, atau kepada seorang lelaki yang menjadi suami orang lain.

Dan hal ini semakin tercela lagi jika dilakukan oleh seseorang yang mendapatkan amanah atau kepercayaan untuk mengurus seorang wanita yang suaminya sedang pergi atau sakit dan semacamnya. Sama halnya jika dilakukan oleh seorang wanita yang mendapatkan amanah atau kepercayaan untuk mengurus keluarga seorang lelaki yang istrinya sedang pergi atau sakit dan semacamnya.

Rasulullâh –shallallâhu ‘alaihi wa sallam- bersabda: “Keharaman wanita (istri yang ditinggal pergi oleh) orang-orang yang berjihad bagi orang-orang yang tidak pergi berjihad (yang mengurus keluarga mujahid) adalah seperti keharaman ibu-ibu mereka, dan tidak ada seorang lelaki pun dari orang-orang yang tidak pergi berjihad yang mengurus keluarga orang-orang yang pergi berjihad, lalu berkhianat kepada orang-orang yang pergi berjihad, kecuali sang pengkhianat ini akan dihentikan (dan tidak diizinkan menuju surga) pada hari kiamat, sehingga yang dikhianati mengambil kebaikan yang berkhianat sesuka dan semaunya”. (H.R. Muslim [3515]).

Salah satu bentuk pengkhianatan yang dimaksud dalam hadîts Muslim ini adalah merusak hubungan keluarga sang mujahid, sehingga bercerai dari

suaminya.

Bentuk
pengkhianatan yang lebih besar lagi adalah –na’ûdzu billâh min dzâlik- berzina dengan keluarga sang


mujahid.

Termasuk dalam pengertian mujahid ini adalah seseorang yang mendapatkan tugas dakwah, atau menunaikan ibadah haji atau umrah, atau bepergian yang mubah, lalu menitipkan urusan keluarganya (istri dan anak-anaknya) kepada orang lain. Dalam hal ini, jika yang mendapatkan amanah berkhianat, maka, ia termasuk dalam ancaman hadîts Muslim ini.

Mirip-mirip dengan hal ini adalah jika ada seseorang yang karena kapasitasnya, mungkin karena ia adalah seorang tokoh, atau pimpinan sebuah organisasi atau kiai, atau ustadz, atau semacamnya yang diamanahi untuk mendamaikan hubungan orang lain yang sedang rusak atau terancam rusak, akan tetapi, ia malah mengkhianati amanah ini.

Hukum Merusak Rumah Tangga Orang Lain

a. Hukum Ukhrawî

Para ulama’ bersepakat bahwa hukum mengganggu dan merusak hubungan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam hadîts nabi di atas adalah haram (lihat al-mausû’ah al-fiqhiyyah, pada bâb takhbîb), maka siapa saja yang melakukannya, maka ia mendapatkan dosa dan diancam siksa di neraka.

Bahkan Imam Al-Haitsamî mengkategorikan perbuatan dosa ini sebagai dosa besar.

Dalam kitabnya Al-Zawâjir ‘an Iqtirâf al-Kabâir beliau menyebutkan bahwa dosa besar yang ke 257 dan 258 yaitu merusak seorang wanita agar terpisah dari suaminya dan merusak seorang suami agar terpisah dari istrinya.

Alasannya, hadîts nabi –shallallâhu ‘alaihi wa sallam – di atas menafikan pelaku perbuatan merusak ini dari bagian umat beliau, dan ini terhitung sebagai ancaman berat. Juga para ulama’ sebelumnya, secara sharîh (jelas) mengkategorikannya sebagai dosa besar. (lihat Al-Zawâjir juz 2, hal. 577).

b. Hukum Duniawî

Ada dua hukum duniawi terkait dengan hadits ini, yaitu:

1. Jika ada seorang lelaki yang merusak hubungan seorang wanita dari suaminya, lalu sang wanita itu meminta cerai dari suaminya, dan sang suami mengabulkannya, atau jika ada seorang lelaki merusak hubungan seorang wanita dari suaminya, lalu sang suami marah dan menceraikan istrinya, lalu sang lelaki yang merusak ini menikahi wanita tersebut, apakah pernikahannya sah?

Jumhur ulama’ berpendapat bahwa pernikahan sang lelaki perusak dengan wanita korban tindakan perusakannya adalah sah. Alasannya adalah karena wanita tersebut tidak secara eksplisit terhitung sebagai muharramât (wanita-wanita yang diharamkan baginya).

Namun, ulama’ Mâlikiyyah memiliki pendapat yang berbeda dengan Jumhur. Mereka berpendapat bahwa pernikahan yang terjadi antara seorang lelaki perusak dengan wanita yang pernah menjadi korban tindakan perusakannya harus dibatalkan, baik sebelum terjadi akan nikah di antara keduanya atau sudah terjadi. Alasan Mâlikiyyah dalam hal ini adalah:

i. Demi menerapkan hadîts yang menjadi kajian kita kali ini.

ii. Agar tidak menjadi preseden buruk bagi munculnya kasus-kasus lain yang serupa, demi menjaga keutuhan rumah tangga kaum muslimin.

iii. Hal ini terhitung dalam kategori kaidah fiqih: man ta’ajjala syai-an qabla awânihi ‘ûqiba bihirmânihi (siapa yang terburu-buru mendapatkan sesuatu sebelum saatnya, maka ia dihukum dengan tidak diperkenankan mendapatkan sesuatu itu). Kaidah ini pada asalnya berlaku bagi seseorang yang melamar dengan kata-kata sharîh seorang wanita yang masih dalam masa iddah (tunggu) pasca kematian suaminya. (Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 235). Logikanya, jika melamar dengan kata-kata sharîh terhadap seorang wanita yang masih dalam masa iddah karena kematian suaminya saja tidak dibenarkan, padahal dalam hal ini tidak ada aspek perusakan yang berakibat terciptanya perceraian wanita itu dari suaminya (karena memang suaminya telah meninggal), maka, jika ada seseorang yang merusak seorang wanita yang masih bersuami, sehingga tercipta perceraian wanita itu dari suaminya, hukumnya tentunya lebih berat daripada yang dimaksud dalam kaidah fiqih ini. Untuk itulah, jika akan terjadi pernikahan antara sang lelaki perusak hubungan dengan wanita “korban” tindakan perusakannya, maka, hal ini harus dicegah, dan jika sudah kadung terjadi pernikahan di antara keduanya, maka, pernikahan itu harus dibatalkan.

Yang lebih menarik lagi dari pendapat Mâlikiyyah ini adalah: ada sebagian dari ulama’ Mâlikiyyah yang berpendapat bahwa wanita “korban” tindakan perusakan seorang lelaki, menjadi haram selamanya bagi sang lelaki perusak tersebut.

Perbedaan pendapat ini kami sebutkan di sini sebagai peringatan keras bagi siapa saja agar tidak melakukan perbuatan seperti ini, walaupun, secara hukum fiqih, pendapat Jumhur lebih kuat, akan tetapi, pendapat Mâlikiyyah, perlu kita jadikan sebagai cambuk peringatan.

2. Jika ada seseorang yang melakukan perbuatan terlarang ini, adakah ia perlu mendapatkan hukuman di dunia?

Para ulama’ berpendapat bahwa perbuatan terlarang seperti ini, jika ada yang melakukan, maka hakim berwewenang menjatuhkan ta’zîr (hukuman yang ketentuannya ditetapkan oleh hakim atau penguasa) dengan syarat tidak melebihi bobot 40 cambukan.

Di antara mereka ada yang berpendapat, hukumannya adalah kurungan penjara sampai ia menyatakan tobat atau meninggal dunia (sebagian penganut Mazhab Hanafî)

Di antara mereka ada yang berpendapat, cukup diberi cambukan keras saja, dipublikasikan perbuatannya, agar orang waspada darinya dan agar orang lain mengambil ibrah (sebagian penganut madzhab Hanbalî).

Catatan Lain

Ada satu hal yang menarik untuk dicatat di sini, yaitu tentang sikap para ulama’ saat menyebutkan hadîts ini.

Sebagian mereka mencantumkan hadîts yang sedang kita kaji ini dalam bab “orang yang merusak hubungan suami istri”, tanpa embel-embel ancaman dalam kalimat babnya. Seperti yang dilakukan oleh Imam Al-Nasâ-î dan Al-Bazzâr.

Akan tetapi, ada sebagian dari mereka yang mencantumkan hadîts yang sedang kita kaji ini dalam bab yang mengandung kalimat ancaman, seperti: al-zajr (penjelasan untuk membuat jera), al-tasydîd (peringatan keras), sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh Imam Ibn Hibbân dan Imam Al-Baihaqî.

Yang menarik adalah ada sebagian ulama’ yang mengkategorikan hadîts ini ke dalam bab makar dan tipu daya, sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh kitab kanz al-‘Ummâl.

Semoga kita semua terhindar dari perbuatan yang sangat tercela ini, amin.

Sumber: dakwatuna.com

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