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Siapakah orang-orang yang mendiami wilayah Qumran antara pertengahan abad ke-2 SM hingga pertengahan abad 1 M yang menyembunyikan manuskrip-manuskrip misterius di gua-gua Laut Mati?
Para ilmuwan sepakat bahwa naskah-naskah kuno tulisan tangan yang diketemukan di Qumran itu adalah milik sekte Yahudi yang menamakan diri mereka "Esenes".
Sebutan mereka dengan nama tersebut menjadi bahan perdebatan di kalangan para ahli. Profesor Abbas Mahmud AI-Aqqad dalam buku "Hayat Almasih" (Kehidupan Almasih) edisi kedua, mengemukakan sebagai berikut.
"Pendapat yang paling akurat dari berbagai tesis yang ada adalah bahwa orang-orang yang khusyu, yang menghuni rumah peribadatan di Qumran itu adalah sekelompok sekte Esenes, salah satu sekte konservatif dan sangat keras mempertahankan hukum-hukum agama Yahudi, yang menantikan keselamatan mereka dengan datangnya Sang Juru Selamat yang dijanjikan."
"Sekte ini yang juga sempat kami singgung dalam tulisan kami 'Kejeniusan Almasih', merupakan kelompok bani Israel yang paling bersih dari perbuatan dosa dan hawa nafsu."
"Dalam tingkat keberagamaan, mereka terbagi menjadi tiga kelas. Dalam sumpah kesetiaan, mereka bersumpah untuk menjaga rahasia kelompoknya, dan sesudah itu mereka diharamkan untuk bersumpah secara benar atau palsu seumur hidup."
"Mereka beriman pada hari kiamat, kebangkitan dan kerasulan Almasih sang Juru Selamat. Pendapat kami bahwa nama Esenes berasal dari derivasi 'ast' yang berarti tabib."
Para ilmuan sejarah berbeda pendapat berkenaan dangan asal penamaan Esenes. Sebagaimana tersebut di atas bahwa Profesor Aqqad menyebutnya berasal dari akar kata 'ast' dalam bahasa Aramik yang berarti tabib.
Akan tetapi penulis berbeda pendapat dengan Profesor Aqqad, sebab jamak dari kata "ast"' bukannya "esen" tetapi "asen".
Meskipun diketahui bahwa mereka mempergunakan ramuan obat-obatan untuk terapi penyembuhan berbagai macam penyakit, namun mereka bukanlah para tabib, dan tidak terdapat satupun tulisan kuno yang memperkuat dugaan bahwa mereka berprofesi sebagai tabib.
Nama kelompok Esenes tertulis dalam bahasa Yunani dalam karya sejarah Philo Judaeus 1), Josephus Flavius 2), dan Pliny the Elder 3), masing-masing dalam ungkapan "Esenoy" atau " Esau" sedangkan nama orang yang menisbatkan dirinya kepada nama itu disebut " Esawi".
Persoalan mendasar yang dihadapi oleh para peneliti adalah bahwa meskipun asal kata dari nama kelompok ini merupakan peristilahan lokal, namun mereka mendapatinya hanya tertulis dalam bahasa Yunani. Untuk itu pertu dilacak asal kata dari istilah tersebut.
Sebagian peneliti mengasumsikan bahwa istilah itu berasal dari bahasa Aramik atau Ibrani; namun mereka tidak kunjung sepakat pada kata tertentu yarig menunjukkan bahwa kelompok tersebut pernah berdiam di wilayah Palestina.
Namun demikian, di sana terdapat indikasi kuat yang menghubungkan kelampok Esenes dengan Nabi Yesaya, yang membelot dari kelompok Pendeta Rumah Suci dan memilih hidup menyendiri menantikan kedatangan Sang Juru Selamat pada akhir zaman (hari kiamat).
Nama Yesaya dalam bahasa Ibrani adalah 'Vasya Ya', seperti 'Yasyu' dan 'Yasu' yang mempunyai satu pengertian yakni keselamatan Tuhan.
Sedangkan nama "Yasu"' dalam bahasa Yunani atau "Isa" dalam bahasa Arabditulis sebagai "Esu". Tampaknya bahwa nama Yesaya juga dipakai untuk menamakan murid-murid Nabi Yesaya.
Para peneliti telah menemukan tiga bagian dalam Kitab Yesaya ditulis selama kurun waktu dua abad, antara abad ke-6 hingga abad ke-4 SM.
Apapun alasannya, di antara jemaat yang mendiami wilayah Qumran bersama nabi Yesaya terdapat hubungan yang erat (Berkat penemuan di dalam gua-gua hunian mereka) dengan tulisan-tulisan Nabi Yesaya dalam jumlah besar, dan mereka menafsirkan tulisan-tulisan itu dengan metode khusus yang menjadi rahasia di antara mereka, terutama bagian-bagian yang berkenaan dengan "Hamba Tuhan", dan kelahiran "Emanuel".
Naskah-naskah ini juga-lah yang diandalkan oleh para penulis Injil untuk mengisyaratkan kelahiran Isa Almasih yang mereka sebut sebagai "Nubuwat Sang Guru di masa mendatang".
Mengetahui asal kata dari peristilahan ini barangkali tidak sedemikian sulit, jika kita mengingat bahwa huruf "ain" dalam bahasa Arab dan pada semua bahasa Semitik akan menjadi "alif" dalam bahasa-bahasa Eropa di antaranya bahasa Yunani.
Menurut penjelasan Pliny, dalam bukunya "Natural History", sesungguhnya kelompok Esenes mendiami wilayah antara kota Yericho (Ariha) kawasan lembah Jordan di utara dan kota 'Ein Juda di tepian Laut Mati di selatan.
Kawasan yang sama di mana terletak wilayah tak berpenghuni di Qumran. Paska kedatangan orang-orang Yahudi dari Babel, para pendeta Yahudi berhasil menyeru manusia pada ajaran agama Yahudi yang didirikan berdasarkan penafsiran mereka yang sangat khusus atas Taurat Musa.
Dan berdasarkan retorika penafsiran itu pula para pendeta menyusun ulang format kitab suci Yahudi. Bersamaan dengan dibolehkannya orang-orang Yahudi untuk membangun kembali rumah suci kaum Yebusi oleh penguasa Parsi, maka dengan demikian, rumah suci itu menjadi pusat kegiatan peribadatan para pendeta.
Ibadah Yahudi yang dilakukan oleh kelompok pendeta, terdiri dari ritual-ritual tertentu, yang penting di antaranya adalah menyembelih hewan kurban yang dilakukan oleh para pendeta di rumah suci setiap hari, terlebih pada hari Sabat atau hari-hari raya.
Orang-orang Yahudi awam, masing-masing diminta untuk mempersembahkan sebagian hasil usaha mereka untuk rumah suci.
Oleh sebab jabatan Kependetaan itu menjadi status yang sifatnya turun temurun dalam garis keturunan keluarga "para pendeta", maka secara otomatis, "status kependetaan" itu selanjutnya membentuk hierarkhi baru dalam masyarakat Yahudi, yang mampu mendatangkan sumber kekayaan yang cukup melimpah.
Dengan masuknya komunitas aristokrat dan para pedagang, hierarkhi tersebut selanjutnya menjadi populer sebagai Sekte Saduki atau Sedukhem.
Kelas sosial Yahudi tersebut kemudian memegang otoritas atas bangsa Yahudi melalui ritus-ritus keagamaan.
Tidak ada doa atau upacara keagamaan lainnya yang berlangsung dalam agama Yahudi yang dapat dilaksanakan sendiri oleh para pemeluk, baik di rumah atau di tempat peribadatan lain, melainkan harus datang ke Rumah Suci di Jerusalem dan mempersembahkan kurban kepada para Pendeta.
Sekte Saduki mempercayai bahwa arwah akan mengalami kematian bersamaan dengan kematian jasad. Sekte Saduki menerapkan ajaran Taurat secara sangat tekstual, dan dalam penafsiran teks-teks Taurat sama sekali terlepas logika akal, seperti halnya analogi.
Berdasarkan konsep teori penafsiran seperti itu, maka sekte Saduki tidak mengimani keabadian arwah, tidak pula kebangkitan manusia sesudah mati, atau perhitungan amal perbuatan (hisab).
Saduki juga tidak mempercayai adanya wujud malaikat dan jin, karena dalam pendirian Seduki bahwa ajaran Taurat berdiri di atas prinsip kemaha-esaan Tuhan.
Oleh karena itu tidak ada penyembahan berhala dan berikut ilah-ilah lain dalam keyakinan Saduki.
Sedangkan kepercayaan pada hari kiamat dan hisab di kehidupan akhirat sesudah mati tidak disebutkan dalam kitab-kitab yang dinisbatkan kepada Musa, akan tetapi tercantum di dalam kitab Nabi-nabi, seperti halnya Yesaya.
Sementara sekte Seduki (Kelompok Pendeta) mendasarkan ajaran agama Yahudi hanya pada lima Kitab Taurat saja.
Berdasarkan pada tulisan-tulisan Philo Judaeus, filosof Yahudi dari Alexandria yang hidup pada awal abad Masehi, dan Josephus, sejarawan yang hidup di Palestina dan penulis sejarah Yahudi untuk Romawi pada akhir abad pertama Masehi, bahwa kaum Esenes tersebut pernah ada di Palestina, tepatnya di kawasan terdekat dengan wilayah barat laut pantai Laut Mati.
Dan berdasarkan pada sumber-sumber tulisan kuno, para penganut Sekte Esenes, meskipun mereka adalah pemeluk Yahudi tetapi mereka mempunyai perbedaan yang amat menyolok dengan pemeluk Yahudi pada umumnya.
Oleh sebab kepercayaan mereka pada keabadian arwah, pada perhitungan di hari akhir, dan mereka tidak melakukan ritus pengurbanan hewan sembelihan di kuil. Dan jumlah mereka relatif kecil, tidak lebih dari 4000 orang pada awal abad pertama Masehi.
Para pengikut sekte Esenes terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, pertama, hidup seperti layaknya para rahib dan tidak menikah, sedang kelompok kedua, hidup bersahaja dan menikah.
Meskipun di antara keduanya ada perbedaan, namun semua penganut Esenes mempunyai semangat menjauhkan diri dari dunia materi dan kesenangan hidup.
Tidak ada di antara mereka kelompok kaya dan kelompok miskin, karena semuanya menjadi satu dalam hak kepemilikian.
Esenes meyakini bahwa wujud materi yakni jasad manusia adalah wujud temporal yang fana. Sedangkan wujud yang hakiki ada di alam kehidupan arwah, dan oleh karena itu mereka tidak takut mati.
Orang-orang Esenes ini hidup dalam kelompok-kelompok secara sangat bersahaja, mengenakan selendang putih ciri khas mereka.
Rutinitas keseharian mereka dimulai dengan bangun pagi untuk melaksanakan shalat fajar kemudian pergi ke ladang karena sebagian besar mata pencarian mereka adalah bercocok tanam.
Mereka mengerjakan shalat yang kedua saat matahari tenggelam dan sesudah itu berkumpul bersama anggota keluarga untuk makan malam, yang umumnya terdiri dari roti dan satu macam jenis sayuran.
Bersuci dengan mempergunakan air sebelum melakukan shalat, merupakan tradisi ibadah sangat penting dan dipegang teguh oleh para pengikut sekte Esenes.
Bukan hal yang sederhana bagi siapapun untuk menjadi anggota sekte Esenes, khususnya wanita, karena sekte Esenes tidak menerima keanggotaan dari kaum hawa.
Yang berminat menjadi anggota sekte Esenes terlebih dahulu harus lolos ujian panjang yang berlangsung selama satu tahun. Jika yang bersangkutan lulus, ia baru diperbolehkan mengikuti ritual-ritual khusus selama dua tahun dan baru benar-benar menjadi anggota pada tahun ketiga.
Orang-orang dari sekte Esenes mempunyai kebiasaan yang sangat unik, di mana mereka memanfaatkan sebagian besar waktu malam untuk membaca Taurat juga Kitab Nabi-Nabi lainnya.
Perselisihan yang terjadi antara Esenes dan Seduki menjadi sebab bagi lahirnya sekte baru yang memiliki struktur kepercayaan moderat, yang dikenal dengan nama Farisi.
Tersebarnya filsafat Plato yang mempercayai adanya alam spiritual metafisis, berakibat pada munculnya keyakinan akan keabadian arwah sesudah mati.
Sekte Farisi percaya pada takdir, yang substansinya adalah bahwa segala sesuatu yang terjadi sesungguhnya telah ditentukan sebelumnya dan tidak mungkin untuk dihindari. Akan tetapi mereka juga meyakini kebebasan manusia untuk berkehendak dan memilih.
Mereka mengataan bahwa Tuhan akan memberi kemudahan bagi mereka yang berbuat kebajikan, sedangkan orang yang meniti jalan kejahatan, Tuhan akan membiarkan dirinya dengan pilihannya itu.
Bertolak dari keyakinan ini mereka mengatakan bahwa arwah orang-orang jahat akan ditempatkan dalam penjara abadi dan mengalami siksaan sepanjang masa.
Adapun arwah orang-orang yang baik dalam pandangan Farisi, mereka itu akan hidup kembali dalam jasad lain. Dengan ungkapan lain mereka percaya pada inkarnasi atau kembalinya arwah ke bumi.
Sebagai usaha memberikan legitimasi atas penafsiran-penafsiran mereka yang sangat bertolak belakang dengan ajaran para Pendeta, sekte Farisi mendirikan konsep teori baru yang mengatakan bahwa selain Taurat tertulis, Tuhan juga memberikan kepada Musa "Hukum Lisan" yang sampai kepada mereka melalui jalam periwayatan yang turun temurun dan selanjutnya mereka mengabadikannya dalam Talmud.
Di samping itu mereka juga mempergunakan logika akal dalam menafsirkan teks-teks kitab suci. Mereka berpendapat bahwa perubahan zaman akan berarti perubahan tuntutan, sehingga yang penting dalam hal ini adalah penerapan substansi hukum, bukan formalitas hukum itu.
Seperti contoh, dalam menerapkan ayat "mata dibalas dengan mata", mereka mengatakan bahwa pada masa itu, tidak mesti harus dengan membunuh pelaku, sebab hal itu dapat saja diganti dengan memberikan ganti rugi kepada korban.
Tidak diragukan bahwa orang-orang Farisi-lah yang membangun agama Yahudi Rabinik (Rabbinic Judaism) setelah berakhirnya masa kependetaan menyusul hancurnya Rumah Suci Yerusalem di tangan penguasa Romawi pada tahun 70 S M, dan semua pendeta yang ada di dalamnya tewas terbunuh.
Namun demikian kita melihat adanya kesamaan pandangan antara sekte Farisi dan Seduki berkenaan dengan jati diri dan peran Almasih. Kaum Farisi memerangi pengikut-pengikut Isa As. dan menghalang-halangi misi kaum Esenes.
Orang-orang Yahudi (hingga saat ini) masih menantikan kedatangan Mesiah yang lain, selain Isa, yang akan menjadi Pemimpin dan Raja keabadian.
Maka berdasarkan keyakinan ini, penulis berpendapat bahwa kelompok Esenes, meskipun mereka menjadi bagian dari komunitas Yahudi sebelum kehancuran Beit Suci, namun pada hakikatnya mereka sangat berbeda dengan Yahudi pada umumnya, berkenaan dengan keimanan pada keabadian arwah dan hari kiamat.
Pada saat kedatangan sang Guru, yang akan memimpin pertempuran "Putera cahaya" melawan "Putera kegelapan". Mesiah yang mereka nantikan akan menang dan kejahatan akan sirna sepanjang masa.
Oleh sebab itu, kebanyakan para peneliti condong kepada kesimpulan bahwa orang-orang sekte Esenes adalah komunitas Judeo-Kristen.
(Footnotes)
1. Disebut juga Philo of Alexandria, Filosof Yahudi yang berbahasa Yunani, seorang yang paling representatif dalam Yahudi Helenis, dalam tradisi Kristen ia dianggap sebagai pelopor Teologi Kristen (pent-). Lihat Encyclopaedia Britannica.
2. Nama aslinya Joseph Ben Matthias, pendeta Yahudi, sarjana, dan ahli sejarah yang menulis karya-karya tak ternilai tentang revolusi Yahudi th. 66-70 juga tentang sejarah Yahudi masa awal. Karya terpentingnya adalah Sejarah Perang Yahudi (75-79), "The Antiquities of the Jews" (93), dan "Against Apion". (Pent-). Idem.
3. Lahir th 23 M di Gaul (sekarang Itali), nama lengkapnya dalam bahasa latin Gaius Plinius Secundus, penulis "Natural History", merupakan karya ensiklopedi. (pent-), idem.
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