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Sebuah penelitian tentang beruang hitam telah menyingkap keberadaan sebuah sistem yang melindungi tulang-tulang hewan ini selama bulan-bulan panjang hibernasinya*. Pada saat yang sama, penelitian ini menjadi sumber gagasan bagi cara-cara pengobatan baru bagi orang-orang yang menderita kerusakan sel tulang dengan cepat selama tubuhnya tidak aktif bergerak.
Para ilmuwan yang dipiumpin oleh Seth Donahue dari Michigan Technology University di Houghton mengamati pertumbuhan tulang pada spesies Ursus americanus yang tidak mengalami kerusakan tulang selama hibernasi yang berlangsung antara lima sampai tujuh bulan. (1) Para peneliti memusatkan pengamatan pada ekspresi lima gen yang berhubungan dengan metabolisme tulang beruang-beruang tersebut.
Donahue dan rekan-rekannya mengungkap bahwa produksi sel tulang tetap rendah dan bahkan dapat mencapai puncaknya ketika beruang-beruang tersebut aktif kembali. Penelitian tersebut juga menunjukkan bahwa beruang-beruang itu tidak menunjukkan pelemahan atau pengecilan tulang akibat usia.
Para peneliti menemukan bahwa kalsium, yang terdapat dalam tubuh beruang dan yang merupakan unsur utama penyusun tulang, mengalami sebuah daur yang paling efisien, yang dengannya tulang-tulang tersebut terlindungi. Tujuan berikutnya dari Donahue dan timnya adalah mengembangkan cara-cara baru perawatan tulang bagi manusia dengan membandingkan struktur hormon-hormon yang berhubungan dengan produksi sel tulang pada manusia dan beruang.
Sistem luar biasa efisien yang teramati pada beruang-beruang yang berhibernasi bukanlah yang pertama. Dalam sebuah penelitian yang diterbitkan majalah Nature pada tahun 2001, pengamatan pada beruang-beruang dari spesies yang sama menunjukkan bahwa beruang mengalami kerusakan sel otot yang lebih kecil selama hibernasi dibandingkan dengan makhluk lainnya. (2) Para peneliti yang mempelajari beruang selama lebih dari empat tahun menghitung bahwa pada akhir hibernasi mereka selama lima bulan, beruang-beruang tersebut hanya kehilangan 23% dari kekuatan otot mereka, dan antara 10% dan 15% dari protein mereka. Sebaliknya, manusia yang menghabiskan waktu yang sama di tempat tidur akan kehilangan 85% kekuatan otot dan 90% protein mereka.
Sistem tanpa cacat pada beruang ini juga memunculkan sejumlah pertanyaan penting yang perlu dijawab. Seekor beruang memiliki berat ratusan kilogram. Tulang-tulang dalam tubuh seekor beruang yang tidak bergerak selama berbulan-bulan tetap menahan beban yang sangat berat, dan, tambahan lagi, berat yang lebih besar lagi dibebankan pada otot-otot, yang terdiri dari jaringan-jaringan yang lebih lembut daripada jaringan tulang, pada bagian badan yang bersentuhan dengan tanah.
Dari sudut pandang ini, pasien yang harus tetap berada di tempat tidur rumah sakit membutuhkan perawatan yang sangat besar. Para perawat membalikkan badan mereka di siang hari, agar berat badan mereka terdistribusi pada berbagai bagian dan karenanya mencegah terjadinya rasa sakit. Fenomena di mana manusia tidak dapat diam tanpa bergerak sehari pun, sementara seekor beruang, dengan berat yang berkali lipat, dapat tidur selama berminggu-minggu dan berbulan-bulan tanpa makan sama sekali dan tidak menderita kerusakan tulang atau otot di akhir rentang waktu tersebut adalah benar-benar menakjubkan.
Perawatan terhadap orang-orang lumpuh yang diberikan para perawat dan dokter disediakan secara otomatis oleh sistem dalam tubuh beruang. Sel-sel tulang menunjukkan penggunaan kalsium yang efisien, dan metabolisme beruang mempertahankan kehilangan otot agar selalu berada pada tingkat yang cukup rendah.
Kerusakan otot tidaklah terhindarkan pada orang-orang yang kelaparan, dan dapat berakibat mematikan. Perut anak-anak kelaparan yang membuncit adalah akibat dari otot yang dihancurkan di dalam tubuh mereka yang tidak lagi berlemak, dan penimbunan air yang terjadi menyusul proses ini. Namun, penimbunan semacam itu tidak terjadi di dalam tubuh beruang, dan beruang terkecualikan dari keadaan ini, yang jika sebaliknya akan berakibat kematian.
Namun demikian, bagaimana caranya sel-sel tulang dan otot beruang dapat menunjukkan pengaturan sedemikian rumit? Bagaimana sel-sel ini, yang tidak memiliki kemampuan berpikir sama sekali, dapat mengatur keluar-masuknya kalsium dari dan ke dalam membran-membrannya dengan cara yang sedemikian sadar? Bagaimana beruang-beruang itu tidak menderita kerusakan otot sebagaimana yang teramati pada manusia yang kelaparan, meskipun mereka tidak makan selama berbulan-bulan?
Sudah pasti, kecerdasan yang terlihat pada sel-sel tersebut tidaklah berasal dari molekul-molekul pembentuknya. Atom-atom seperti oksigen, karbon dan nitrogen tidak dapat mengetahui kebutuhan beruang dan membuat perencanaan berdasarkan hal tersebut. Jika demikian halnya, dapatlah dipahami bahwa kecerdasan pada sel-sel tersebut berasal dari sebuah wujud yang memiliki kecerdasan mahatinggi. Tidak ada keraguan bahwa Tuhan kitalah, Allah Yang Mahakuasa, Tuhan dari Seluruh Alam, Yang menciptakan beruang dan melengkapinya dengan metabolisme-metabolisme untuk menjaga kesehatannya selama bulan-bulan hibernasi. Dalam sebuah ayat Al Qur'an Allah berfirman,
Apakah Allah Yang menciptakan itu tidak mengetahui? Dan Dia Maha Halus lagi Maha Mengetahui? (QS. Al Mulk, 67:14)
CATATAN
[*Hibernasi: keadaan menyerupai tidur yang dialami sejumlah hewan di musim dingin. Suhu tubuh menurun dan detak jantung melambat, sehingga memungkinkan hewan tersebut memanfaatkan lemat yang tersimpan di dalam tubuhnya selama rentang waktu yang lebih lama.]
1. Seth Donahue et. al, "Bone formation is not impaired by hibernation (disuse) in black bears Ursus americanus" The Journal of Experimental Biology, 1 December 2003, vol 206, h. 4233
2. Henry J. Harlow et. al "Muscle strength in overwintering bears" Nature, 22 February 2001, h. 997
2007-06-16 09:20:37
Dari sudut pandang ini, pasien yang harus tetap berada di tempat tidur rumah sakit membutuhkan perawatan yang sangat besar. Para perawat membalikkan badan mereka di siang hari, agar berat badan mereka terdistribusi pada berbagai bagian dan karenanya mencegah terjadinya rasa sakit. Fenomena di mana manusia tidak dapat diam tanpa bergerak sehari pun, sementara seekor beruang, dengan berat yang berkali lipat, dapat tidur selama berminggu-minggu dan berbulan-bulan tanpa makan sama sekali dan tidak menderita kerusakan tulang atau otot di akhir rentang waktu tersebut adalah benar-benar menakjubkan.
Perawatan terhadap orang-orang lumpuh yang diberikan para perawat dan dokter disediakan secara otomatis oleh sistem dalam tubuh beruang. Sel-sel tulang menunjukkan penggunaan kalsium yang efisien, dan metabolisme beruang mempertahankan kehilangan otot agar selalu berada pada tingkat yang cukup rendah.
Kerusakan otot tidaklah terhindarkan pada orang-orang yang kelaparan, dan dapat berakibat mematikan. Perut anak-anak kelaparan yang membuncit adalah akibat dari otot yang dihancurkan di dalam tubuh mereka yang tidak lagi berlemak, dan penimbunan air yang terjadi menyusul proses ini. Namun, penimbunan semacam itu tidak terjadi di dalam tubuh beruang, dan beruang terkecualikan dari keadaan ini, yang jika sebaliknya akan berakibat kematian.
Namun demikian, bagaimana caranya sel-sel tulang dan otot beruang dapat menunjukkan pengaturan sedemikian rumit? Bagaimana sel-sel ini, yang tidak memiliki kemampuan berpikir sama sekali, dapat mengatur keluar-masuknya kalsium dari dan ke dalam membran-membrannya dengan cara yang sedemikian sadar? Bagaimana beruang-beruang itu tidak menderita kerusakan otot sebagaimana yang teramati pada manusia yang kelaparan, meskipun mereka tidak makan selama berbulan-bulan?
Sudah pasti, kecerdasan yang terlihat pada sel-sel tersebut tidaklah berasal dari molekul-molekul pembentuknya. Atom-atom seperti oksigen, karbon dan nitrogen tidak dapat mengetahui kebutuhan beruang dan membuat perencanaan berdasarkan hal tersebut. Jika demikian halnya, dapatlah dipahami bahwa kecerdasan pada sel-sel tersebut berasal dari sebuah wujud yang memiliki kecerdasan mahatinggi. Tidak ada keraguan bahwa Tuhan kitalah, Allah Yang Mahakuasa, Tuhan dari Seluruh Alam, Yang menciptakan beruang dan melengkapinya dengan metabolisme-metabolisme untuk menjaga kesehatannya selama bulan-bulan hibernasi. Dalam sebuah ayat Al Qur'an Allah berfirman,
Apakah Allah Yang menciptakan itu tidak mengetahui? Dan Dia Maha Halus lagi Maha Mengetahui? (QS. Al Mulk, 67:14)
CATATAN
[*Hibernasi: keadaan menyerupai tidur yang dialami sejumlah hewan di musim dingin. Suhu tubuh menurun dan detak jantung melambat, sehingga memungkinkan hewan tersebut memanfaatkan lemat yang tersimpan di dalam tubuhnya selama rentang waktu yang lebih lama.]
1. Seth Donahue et. al, "Bone formation is not impaired by hibernation (disuse) in black bears Ursus americanus" The Journal of Experimental Biology, 1 December 2003, vol 206, h. 4233
2. Henry J. Harlow et. al "Muscle strength in overwintering bears" Nature, 22 February 2001, h. 997
2007-06-16 09:20:37
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