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Oleh Rito Kurniawan
Tidak ada satupun hal yang diharamkan Al-Qur’an yang tidak mengandung madharat (bahaya). Kalaupun dari segi tertentu manfaat bisa ditemukan, tetap saja madharat lebih mendominasi. Kalaulah madharat tersebut tidak langsung menimpa individu, ia bisa menimpa keluarga, atau masyarakat luas. Ini pula yang terjadi dalam kasus inbreeding, ah incest saja. Bahwa ada penemuan incest dipraktekkan dalam masyarakat tertentu untuk menjaga keunggulan trah (garis keturunan) dan ternyata tidak ada akibat negatif, hal itu tidak berarti bahwa secara logika incest menjadi sah-sah saja. Namun sekali lagi, tidak ada sesuatu yang diharamkan Islam yang tidak mengandung bahaya. Sehingga boleh jadi secara dlohir incest (baik karena sedarah maupun sepersusuan) bagi penjagaan galur murni ini tidak ada bahaya, namun bisa saja secara kejiwaan dan moral bisa berbahaya.
Apalagi jika dihadapkan pada agama. Semua agama tanpa dikomando menganggap praktek incest sebagai sesuatu yang terlarang. Demikian pula perasaan moral masyarakat secara kolektif – baik yang dibentuk oleh agama maupun yang dibentuk oleh akalbudi – menolak praktek ini sebagai bentuk penyaluran naluri seksual manusia. Sekalipun argumen dan pendekatannya berbeda-beda, pembahasan incest dari sudut pandang agama-agama selalu berujung pada kesimpulan yang sama : Ra Entuk !!!
Tak tahu lagi kalau ternyata ada gerakan-gerakan pembaharu (perusak) agama yang malah membolehkan bahkan mempropagandakan konsep pemicu kebinasaan ini.
حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَاتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُكُمْ وَأَخَوَاتُكُمْ وَعَمَّاتُكُمْ وَخَالاتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُ الأخِ وَبَنَاتُ الأخْتِ وَأُمَّهَاتُكُمُ اللاتِي أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ وَأَخَوَاتُكُمْ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ وَأُمَّهَاتُ نِسَائِكُمْ وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللاتِي فِي حُجُورِكُمْ مِنْ نِسَائِكُمُ اللاتِي دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُونُوا دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَلا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَحَلائِلُ أَبْنَائِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلابِكُمْ وَأَنْ تَجْمَعُوا بَيْنَ الأخْتَيْنِ إِلا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا
Diharamkan atas kamu (mengawini) ibu-ibumu; anak-anakmu yang perempuan; saudara-saudaramu yang perempuan, saudara-saudara bapakmu yang perempuan; saudara-saudara ibumu yang perempuan; anak-anak perempuan dari saudara-saudaramu yang laki-laki; anak-anak perempuan dari saudara-saudaramu yang perempuan; ibu-ibumu yang menyusui kamu; saudara perempuan sepersusuan; ibu-ibu isterimu (mertua); anak-anak isterimu yang dalam pemeliharaanmu dari isteri yang telah kamu campuri, tetapi jika kamu belum campur dengan isterimu itu (dan sudah kamu ceraikan), maka tidak berdosa kamu mengawininya; (dan diharamkan bagimu) isteri-isteri anak kandungmu (menantu); dan menghimpunkan (dalam perkawinan) dua perempuan yang bersaudara, kecuali yang telah terjadi pada masa lampau; Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.(QS An Nisaa`: 23)
Dimasukkannya incest (baik karena sedarah maupun sepersusuan) dalam masalah pernikahan sesungguhnya sangat logis. Sebab, Al-Qur’an hanya mengenal pernikahan sebagai satu-satunya jalan menuju kehalalan hubungan seks. Siapa yang boleh dinikahi maka sah saja berhubungan seks. Sebaliknya siapa yang haram dinikahi maka dia tidak boleh diajak berhubungan seks, apapun alasannya! Berdasarkan logika ini maka hubungan seks sedarah atau sepersusuan baik karena zina maupun perkosaan adalah hal yang keharamannya berlapis-lapis. Incest dengan cara zina (suka sama suka) menabrak dua garis keharaman sekaligus yakni haram menikah dan haram berhubungan seks di luar nikah. Lebih dari zina, incest dengan perkosaan menabrak satu lagi garis keharaman yakni merampas kehormatan perempuan secara paksa.
Secara eksplisit Al-Qur’an memang tidak menjelaskan mengapa menikahi mahram diharamkan. Ini cara yang biasa ditempuh Al-Qur’an ketika mengharamkan sesuatu yang madharatnya mudah diketahui atau dirasakan akal sehat. Berbeda dengan keharaman khamr dan riba, misalnya, Al-Qur’an menempuh beberapa fase dan memberikan penjelasan untuk meyakinkan alasan pengharaman karena hal itu banyak dipraktekkan orang dan dirasakan ada unsur manfaatnya meski tidak sebesar madharatnya. Meskipun setelah Al-Qur’an sudah sempurna turun, khamr dan riba pun juga sempurna keharamannya, tidak lagi bertahap.
Keharaman incest (baik sedarah maupun sepersusuan) tampaknya dipandang sebagai hal yang mudah diterima akal sehat. Jadi kenapa dibuat repot?
حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُقَاتِلٍ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ قَالَ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ قَالَ أَخْبَرَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي حُسَيْنٍ قَالَحَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ عَنْ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ الْحَارِثِأَنَّهُ تَزَوَّجَ ابْنَةً لِأَبِي إِهَابِ بْنِ عَزِيزٍ فَأَتَتْهُ امْرَأَةٌ فَقَالَتْ إِنِّي قَدْ أَرْضَعْتُ عُقْبَةَ وَالَّتِي تَزَوَّجَ فَقَالَ لَهَا عُقْبَةُ مَا أَعْلَمُ أَنَّكِ أَرْضَعْتِنِي وَلَا أَخْبَرْتِنِي فَرَكِبَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِالْمَدِينَةِ فَسَأَلَهُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَيْفَ وَقَدْ قِيلَ فَفَارَقَهَا عُقْبَةُ وَنَكَحَتْ زَوْجًا غَيْرَهُ
….dari ‘Uqbah ibn Harits bahwa dia menikahi anak perempuan Ihab ibn ‘Azis. Maka datang kepadanya seorang perempuan maka (dia) berkata, “Sesungguhnya saya telah menyusui ‘Uqbah dan (perempuan) yang dia nikahi.” Maka berkata kepadanya ‘Uqbah, “Aku tidak tahu kalau engkau telah menyusuiku dan engkau tidak pula memberitahuku.” Maka (‘Uqbah) berkendara menuju Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam di Madinah, maka dia bertanya kepada beliau. Maka bersabda Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam, “Bagaimana (lagi) padahal sudah dikatakan (bahwa kalian adalah bersaudara susuan)?” Maka ‘Uqbah menceraikannya (istri) dan menikahi istri (perempuan) selainnya. (HR Bukhari)
Begitulah, berdasar keterangan yang berupa pengakuan dari seorang ibu (susuan) maka pernikahan yang telah terjadi itu pun mesti dibatalkan (cerai) karena ke-mahram-an pada keduanya.
Dari kisah itu kita bisa tahu betapa dahulu mereka amat menjaga pengetahuan tentang siapa saja yang bersaudara susuan. Jadi meskipun menyusukan anak kepada orang lain adalah kebiasaan orang Arab kala itu, namun pengetahuan tentang hubungan mahram ini tetap terjaga. Sehingga ketika didapati seseorang melanggar batasan ini, ada orang yang segera memberitahukannya. Boleh jadi perempuan itu telah lalai karena tidak memberitahukan persaudaraan antara ‘Uqbah dan istrinya, namun kita bisa juga memaham bahwa dengan cara beginilah Allah hendak memberitahukan kepada kita betapa pentingnya bagi kita mengetahui hubungan kemahraman atas dasar susuan. Allah berikan shock therapi kepada kita agar tak lupa dengan kejadian ini.
Begitulah Islam. Selain perkara ibadah khas yang telah diatur sedemikian rupa, ternyata dalam hubungan antar manusia pun Islam mengatur sedemikian detailnya. Banyak hikmah dari pengaturan ini, yang salah satunya kelak terungkap lewat peran ilmu pengetahuan yang meneliti dampak buruk perkawinan sedarah atau saudara dekat yang dalam syara’ disebut sebagai mahram (orang yang haram dinikahi). Awas bukan muhrim lho. Kalau muhrim itu orang yang sedang ihrom di Baitullah.
Hasil Perkawinan Sedarah / INCEST dalam Ilmu Biologi
Pengertian Incest
Incest Ialah kontak seksual yang dilarang oleh karena hubungan keluarga. Kontak seksual tersebut dapat terjadi antara ayah dan anak perempuannya, ibu dengan anak laki-laki, antara saudara laki-laki dan perempuan, sepupu tertentu, dan banyak lagi yang dilarang secara agama maupun kultur. Misalnya sesama sepupu dimana ayah keduanya adalah kakak beradik, pada sebagian kultur hal ini tidak bermasalah, tapi pada kultur lain hal ini dilarang. Namun, bila hal ini tetap terjadi maka telah terjadi incest.
Dalam perkawinan incest dilarang baik dalam agama, kultur atau Ilmu bIologi. Nah disini penulis hanya membahas perkawinan incest dalam kaca mata biologi.
Dalam ilmu genetik, pernikahan dengan sesama kerabat keluarga (sampai sejauh sepupu II – great grandparents yang sama) disebut dengan consanguineous marriage. Secara umum consanguineous marriage diterjemahkan sebagai perkawinan sedarah.
Misalnya penyakit thalasimia
Kakek dan Nenek
Kakek menderita thalasimea dan nenek normal homozigot
XtYt >< XTXT
Maka menghasikan keturunan
2(XTXt) = perempuan 50% normal Carier
2(XTYt) = laki-laki 50% normal karier
Saya ansumsikan memiliki 4 anak, 2 laki dan 2 perempua.
Maka akan menghasilkan keturunan 100% sehat semua, tetapi bersifat karier.
Andai kan saja perempuan tersebut kawin dengan saudara kandungnya apa yang terjadi kita lihat dibawah ini
XTYt >< XTXt
Maka keturunannya adalah
XXT = 25 % Perempuan Normal Normal
XTXt = 25 % Perempuan Normal carier
XTYt = 25 % Laki-laki Normal carier
XtYt = 25 % Laki-laki kena penyakit thalasimia
Keterangan :
TT= Normal ( 100% normal)
Tt = carier (normal tetapi pembawa sifat penyakittapi tidak tampak)
tt = Penderita
Bagaimana dengan perkawinan tadi denagn sepupu, kemungkinan besar kena penyakit thalasimia pada cucunya.
Jadi Gimana cara menghilangkannya, ya pernikahan dengan selain penderita thalasimia / yang kena karier thalsimia.
Thalasimia intu penyakit Apa?
Thalasemia adalah kelainan darah karena hemoglobin darah mudah sekali pecah. Penyakit ini merupakan genetik yang diturunkan jika kedua orangtuanya adalah pembawa sifat (carrier). Akibat kelainan darah ini membuat anak terlihat pucat dan harus mendapatkan transfusi darah secara teratur agar hemoglobinnya tetap normal.
Apa saja penyakit yang disebabkan oleh penyakit keturunan
banyak sekali antara lain:
1. Buta Warna
2. Hemofilia
3. Thalasimia
4. Alergi
5. Albino
6. Asma
7. Diabetes Malitus
8. Keguguran
9. Idiot dll.
Hanya itu saja penjelasan dari saya, semoga bermanfaat
Sekali lagi, bagaimana dengan non muslim? Apakah mereka juga mesti terkena dampak aturan Allah ini, sedangkan aturan mahram hanya ada dalam Islam?
Terserah manusia ini akan menganut agama atau kepercayaan apa pun, namun ketentuan Allah pasti akan terjadi. Bagi non muslim, selain mereka sudah meninggalkan aturan Islam (dan itu menyebabkan amalan mereka sia-sia), maka jika ada yang melakukan pernikahan yang haram ini, bertambah lagilah pelanggaran yang dilakukan dan efek buruk perkawinan yang ditinjau dari segi kesehatan pun akan terjadi. Mungkin berupa gangguan fisik atau pun jiwa.
Wallahu a’lam.
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