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Oktober 2016 yang lalu, seorang saintis daripada Jepun, Yoshinori Ohsumi telah dinobatkan sebagai pemenang Anugerah Nobel Perubatan yang membawa pulang wang tunai sebanyak RM3.9 juta. Anugerah tersohor itu dianugerahkan kepada beliau atas penemuan beliau mengenai bagaimana proses pemecahan oleh sel-sel badan berlaku dan mengitar semula komponen-komponennya yang dikenali sebagai "autophagy".
Penemuan itu yang dinamakan "mechanism for autophagy", adalah mengenai proses asas dalam sel-sel yang mana para saintis mempercayai bahawa boleh dimanfaatkan untuk melawan barah dan dementia.
Autophagy berasal dari perkataan Greek iaitu auto (sendiri) dan juga phagein (memakan), yang membawa maksud memakan diri sendiri. Ia adalah satu proses pengitaran semula sel dalam badan. Sel-sel di dalam badan kita sememangnya telah diprogramkan mempunyai jangka hayat tertentu. Setelah sel-sel ini rosak dan menjadi tua di mana tiada lagi tenaga untuk mengekalkan fungsinya, ia perlu dibuang dari badan.
Bagaimana barah boleh berlaku?
Barah boleh terjadi sekiranya sel-sel lama tidak mati. Bagaimana? Jika sel-sel yang telah lama dan tua tidak mati dan tidak digantikan dengan sel-sel baru, sel-sel lama ini akan terus berkembang dan bertambah. Ia akan menghasilkan sel-sel yang tidak normal yang tidak melakukan fungsi asal mereka. Lebih buruk lagi, sel-sel ini akan berkembang tanpa henti seterusnya mengganggu fungsi sel-sel lain di sekitar mereka. Perkara ini akan merangsang mutasi sel dan akan memberikan kesan buruk kepada sistem organ.
Apabila sel-sel ini termutasi dan berkembang diluar kawalan, ia akan membentuk satu tisu yang besar yang dikenali sebagai tumor atau ketumbuhan (sebagai contoh leukemia). Ini lah merupakan titik permulaan terjadinya barah, yang dibahagikan kepada lima kategori utama, iaitu karsinoma, sarkoma, leukemia, limfoma dan CNS, bergantung kepada di kawasan di mana terjadinya pertumbuhan sel-sel tidak normal ini.
Autophagy vs Apoptosis
Terdapat satu lagi proses yang sama seperti autophagy iaitu "apoptosis" yang juga dikenali sebagai proses sel mati. Bunyi macam tidak enak, namun untuk mengekalkan kesihatan yang baik, proses ini amat penting bagi badan kita. Setelah beberapa kali melalui proses pembahagian, sel-sel badan diprogramkan untuk mati. Jika proses apoptosis ini tidak berlaku, ia juga akan menyebabkan kemungkinan berlakunya barah.
Sebagai contoh mudah, jika anda mempunyai sebuah kereta, dan anda menggunakannya untuk beberapa ketika. Setelah berlalunya masa, kereta anda pasti akan mengalami kerosakan. Setelah berkali-kali diperbaiki, akhirnya anda perlu menukar kepada kereta baru kerana kos-kos membaiki akan menjadi semakin mahal jika kereta anda sudah berumur dan melalui pelbagai kerosakan. Jika anda tidak membeli kereta baharu, pasti wang anda akan melayang kerana dihabiskan untuk membaiki kereta.
Apa kaintan proses autophagy dan berpuasa?
Namun, jika kereta anda rosak, anda tidak lah perlu membeli kereta baharu serta-merta sebaliknya hanya menukarkan bahagian yang rosak, sebagai contoh bateri. Ia juga sama kepada sel-sel ini. Daripada membunuh kesemua sel (proses apoptosis), badan kita hanya perlu membunuh sel-sel yang lama dan rosak sahaja. Inilah yang dinamakan proses autophagy, di mana organel sub-selular dimusnahkan dan yang baru dibina semula untuk menggantikannya.
Pada tahun 1962, proses autophagy ini dinyatakan apabila saintis menyedari pertambahan jumlah lysosomes iaitu bahagian sel yang menghancurkan sel lain) di dalam hati tikus setelah disebatikan dengan glucagon.
Kekurangan nutrisi dan zat adalah pengaktif utama proses autophagy. Apabila kita makan, insulin dalam badan akan meningkat, dan ini menyebabkan penurunan glucagon, dan apabila kita tidak makan (berpuasa) maka insulin akan menurun dan glucagon akan meningkat. Peningkatan glucagon inilah yang merangsang proses autophagy ini. Jadi, untuk mengaktifkan proses autophagy, kita perlu berpuasa!
Berpuasa bukan sahaja memberikan badan kita peluang untuk membuang "barang lama", ia malah merangsang pertumbuhan hormon, yang memberitahu badan kita supaya mula untuk menghasilkan "barang baru". Jadi dengan berpuasa dapat membenarkan badan kita untuk menjalani pengubahsuaian yang lengkap.
Islam mewajibkan puasa
Sebagai ringkasan, jika kita berpuasa, badan kita akan kekurangan nutrisi dan zat, ini akan merangsang proses autophagy. Apabila proses autophagy berlaku, ia akan menggantikan sel-sel yang lama dan jahat, kepada sel-sel yang baru dan baik. Ini sekaligus menjadikan badan kita dapat berfungsi dengan lebih baik serta tidak terdedah kepada penyakit berbahaya.
Kerana itulah Islam mewajibkan umatnya untuk berpuasa sebulan di dalam setahun iaitu ketika tibanya bulan Ramadan. Bukan di bulan Ramadan sahaja, malah ia adalah sunnah Rasulullah S.A.W untuk berpuasa pada hari Isnin dan Khamis serta hari-hari tertentu. Dengan berpuasa, badan kita akan menjadi lebih sihat dan lebih terjaga daripada dijangkiti penyakit berbahaya seperti barah. Ini amatlah penting untuk menjalani kehidupan yang berkualiti dan yang masih panjang. Jadi, berpuasa bukanlah untuk orang Islam sahaja, ia diperlukan oleh semua manusia di muka bumi ini.
Contoh mudah, setiap 3 bulan atau 5000 kilometer (mengikut jenis kenderaan), kereta kita perlu diservis bagi mengekalkan prestasinya. Sama seperti badan kita, ia juga memerlukan "servis", iaitu dengan berpuasa.
Jika bagi anda yang belum pernah mencuba berouasa, dan baru mengetahui manfaat berpuasa, cuba lah melatih diri anda untuk berpuasa. Lihat apa kesannya pada diri anda.
Sumber : dietdoctor
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