Para Ahli Kimia Muslim adalah Pembuat Roket Bermesiu Pertama

the cheapest car insurance cost of car insurance best car insurance quotes insurance auto insurance quotes car get car insurance quotes online car insurance agent instant car insurance quote car insurance websites direct car insurance insure a car motor car insurance quote cheap car insurance online quotes for car insurance car insurers commercial car insurance motor insurance quote car insurance quotes online get a quote online international health insurance compare car insurance quotes insurance for car compare car insurance car insurance buy life insurance online compare auto insurance international medical insurance general car insurance cheap motor insurance low car insurance car insurance comparison company car insurance budget car insurance private health insurance online quote car insurance cheap motor car insurance car insurance for new drivers cheap car insurance quotes online online car insurance quotes get car insurance quotes car insurance quotes comparison motor car insurance car insurance quotes car insurance cheap comprehensive car insurance best auto insurance short term health insurance motor insurance cheap online car insurance online motor insurance quotes car insurance california buycarinsurance online vehicle insurance free car insurance quotes landlord insurance health insurance for children motorbike insurance monthly car insurance car insurance usa car insurance reviews car insurance renewal quotes vehicle insurance health insurance rates term life insurance quotes vehicle insurance quotes car insurance compare motor vehicle insurance best car insurance motor insurance online quote car insurance online quote life insurance online supplemental health insurance best car insurance rates car insurance discounts motor vehicle insurance quotes auto insurance cheap travel insurance bike insurance travel medical insurance buy car insurance online online motor insurance travel insurance quote get a quote for car insurance health insurance agent car insurance companies cheap car insurance companies travel insurance annual travel insurance commercial vehicle insurance permanent life insurance medical insurance quotes online car insurance cheap car insurance quotes car insurance online quote insurance online level term life insurance health insurance comparison how much is car insurance travel health insurance pet health insurance quotes on cars health ins travel insurance uk quote for car insurance get insurance quote online disability insurance quote temporary health insurance temporary insurance rental car insurance cheap health insurance auto insurance compare third party car insurance buy health insurance auto insurance quotes cheap insurance companies best term life insurance personal health insurance online quote insurance car insurance premium health insurance policies quotes for cars whole life insurance credit insurance cheap van insurance cheap term life insurance cheap motorcycle insurance compare life insurance car insurance cover health insurance motorcycle insurance short term car insurance health insurance coverage insurance qoute cheap life insurance house insurance quote car insurance uk health insurance companies cigna health insurance cheap insurance cheap car insurance uk compare health insurance car insurance for young drivers short term insurance online health insurance caravan insurance life insurance comparison direct insurance health insurance plans motor insurance online car insurance estimator accident insurance home insurance quotes nj car insurance new car insurance private medical insurance home insurance car insurance brokers car insurance rates commercial insurance health insurance quotes motor insurance companies which car insurance car quotes online online auto insurance flood insurance cheap auto insurance quotes car insurance agencies business health insurance term life insurance truck insurance professional indemnity insurance life insurance car insurance policy long term care insurance drive insurance buy insurance car ins motorcycle insurance quote critical illness insurance term insurance student health insurance home insurance comparison insurance rates insurance cover holiday insurance insurance sites online vehicle insurance quotes company website home insurance rates compare insurance buy insurance online affordable medical insurance car insurance coverage product liability insurance home contents insurance buy life insurance renters insurance group health insurance family health insurance motor insurance quote online mortgage insurance best home insurance personal insurance medical insurance property insurance life insurance agent group insurance aetna health insurance cheap medical insurance liability insurance rental insurance life insurance policy group life insurance general liability insurance insurance quotes online all car insurance companies best health insurance insurance plans life insurance for seniors van insurance website quote universal life insurance building insurance co insurance insurance car car insurance prices disability insurance insurance vehicle cheap vehicle insurance senior life insurance medical insurance plans insurance health house insurance life insurance quotes car quotes cheap home insurance business insurance com bank credit card lowest credit card eligibility no fee credit cards best credit card compare how can i apply for credit card business credit cards cheapest credit card company credit card corporate credit card apply for a credit card online 0 apr credit cards how can i get credit card get a credit card open credit card usa credit card instant credit card approval store credit cards credit card shopping airline miles credit card frequent flyer credit cards hotel credit cards best credit card deals compare credit miles credit card credit card consolidation college student credit cards how do i apply for a credit card gold credit card how to open credit card apply for credit card eligibility for credit card credit card verification credit card offers online credit card application form which credit card to apply how can i get a credit card credit card online apply credit cards uk 0 credit cards looking for credit card offers credit card information bank credit card application travel credit cards what is a credit card credit card sign up master credit card cash back cards platinum credit card compare visa cards credit bank credit card no interest credit cards cheap credit cards 0 credit card offers online credit new credit cards application of credit card how to apply for credit card apply card credit online credit card deals premier credit card mastercard credit card how to get credit card apply credit card credit card application credit companies creditcard cash back credit cards airline credit cards cash credit card credit card rates student credit cards apply credit card online how to apply credit card interest free credit card secured credit card best travel credit card capital one credit card online credit card application credit cards with no annual fee new credit card offers apply online credit card credit card apply online best rewards credit card city credit card how to get a credit card credit card counseling rebate credit card mastercard debit card credit card debt best credit cards to apply for best credit cards apply for credit card online credit card apply how to apply for a credit card apply for new credit card credit card rebate best credit card comparison apply for visa card online cim credit card good credit cards credit card cash back best cash back credit cards mastercard credit card application credit card checker credit card mastercard instant credit card card compare credit card rewards programs compare the best credit cards apply visa card cash rebate credit card bankruptcy credit cards card offers instant approval credit cards credit card online application credit cards for students how to sign up for credit card uk credit cards credit card account about credit card visa card apply online credit card compare site secured mastercard visa card application credit card rewards credit rating how can we get credit card visa credit card rewards card online credit card processing capital credit card credit card visa consolidate credit cards credit card processing credit card reviews apply new credit card business credit card application credit cards with cash back credit card reader credit card instant approval online apply credit card bad credit credit cards credit card selection online visa card pay with credit card credit card charges visa or mastercard credit card machine apply a credit card small business credit cards prepaid debit cards visa debit card mbna credit card credit card terminal card credit application credit card generator credit card balance credit card numbers credit card transfer credit card interest rates credit card interest gold card credit card online best rate credit cards credit card low interest visa card online online credit card how to apply a credit card 0 interest credit cards debit card the cheapest car insurance cost of car insurance best car insurance quotes insurance auto insurance quotes car get car insurance quotes online car insurance agent instant car insurance quote car insurance websites direct car insurance insure a car motor car insurance quote cheap car insurance online quotes for car insurance car insurers commercial car insurance motor insurance quote car insurance quotes online get a quote online international health insurance compare car insurance quotes insurance for car compare car insurance car insurance buy life insurance online compare auto insurance international medical insurance general car insurance cheap motor insurance low car insurance car insurance comparison company car insurance budget car insurance private health insurance online quote car insurance cheap motor car insurance car insurance for new drivers cheap car insurance quotes online online car insurance quotes get car insurance quotes car insurance quotes comparison motor car insurance car insurance quotes car insurance cheap comprehensive car insurance best auto insurance short term health insurance motor insurance cheap online car insurance online motor insurance quotes car insurance california buycarinsurance online vehicle insurance free car insurance quotes landlord insurance health insurance for children motorbike insurance monthly car insurance car insurance usa car insurance reviews car insurance renewal quotes vehicle insurance health insurance rates term life insurance quotes vehicle insurance quotes car insurance compare motor vehicle insurance best car insurance motor insurance online quote car insurance online quote life insurance online supplemental health insurance best car insurance rates car insurance discounts motor vehicle insurance quotes auto insurance cheap travel insurance bike insurance travel medical insurance buy car insurance online online motor insurance travel insurance quote get a quote for car insurance health insurance agent car insurance companies cheap car insurance companies travel insurance annual travel insurance commercial vehicle insurance permanent life insurance medical insurance quotes online car insurance cheap car insurance quotes car insurance online quote insurance online level term life insurance health insurance comparison how much is car insurance travel health insurance pet health insurance quotes on cars health ins travel insurance uk quote for car insurance get insurance quote online disability insurance quote temporary health insurance temporary insurance rental car insurance cheap health insurance auto insurance compare third party car insurance buy health insurance auto insurance quotes cheap insurance companies best term life insurance personal health insurance online quote insurance car insurance premium health insurance policies quotes for cars whole life insurance credit insurance cheap van insurance cheap term life insurance cheap motorcycle insurance compare life insurance car insurance cover health insurance motorcycle insurance short term car insurance health insurance coverage insurance qoute cheap life insurance house insurance quote car insurance uk health insurance companies cigna health insurance cheap insurance cheap car insurance uk compare health insurance car insurance for young drivers short term insurance online health insurance caravan insurance life insurance comparison direct insurance health insurance plans motor insurance online car insurance estimator accident insurance home insurance quotes nj car insurance new car insurance private medical insurance home insurance car insurance brokers car insurance rates commercial insurance health insurance quotes motor insurance companies which car insurance car quotes online online auto insurance flood insurance cheap auto insurance quotes car insurance agencies business health insurance term life insurance truck insurance professional indemnity insurance life insurance car insurance policy long term care insurance drive insurance buy insurance car ins motorcycle insurance quote critical illness insurance term insurance student health insurance home insurance comparison insurance rates insurance cover holiday insurance insurance sites online vehicle insurance quotes company website home insurance rates compare insurance buy insurance online affordable medical insurance car insurance coverage product liability insurance home contents insurance buy life insurance renters insurance group health insurance family health insurance motor insurance quote online mortgage insurance best home insurance personal insurance medical insurance property insurance life insurance agent group insurance aetna health insurance cheap medical insurance liability insurance rental insurance life insurance policy group life insurance general liability insurance insurance quotes online all car insurance companies best health insurance insurance plans life insurance for seniors van insurance website quote universal life insurance building insurance co insurance insurance car car insurance prices disability insurance insurance vehicle cheap vehicle insurance senior life insurance medical insurance plans insurance health house insurance life insurance quotes car quotes cheap home insurance business insurance com bank credit card lowest credit card eligibility no fee credit cards best credit card compare how can i apply for credit card business credit cards cheapest credit card company credit card corporate credit card apply for a credit card online 0 apr credit cards how can i get credit card get a credit card open credit card usa credit card instant credit card approval store credit cards credit card shopping airline miles credit card frequent flyer credit cards hotel credit cards best credit card deals compare credit miles credit card credit card consolidation college student credit cards how do i apply for a credit card gold credit card how to open credit card apply for credit card eligibility for credit card credit card verification credit card offers online credit card application form which credit card to apply how can i get a credit card credit card online apply credit cards uk 0 credit cards looking for credit card offers credit card information bank credit card application travel credit cards what is a credit card credit card sign up master credit card cash back cards platinum credit card compare visa cards credit bank credit card no interest credit cards cheap credit cards 0 credit card offers online credit new credit cards application of credit card how to apply for credit card apply card credit online credit card deals premier credit card mastercard credit card how to get credit card apply credit card credit card application credit companies creditcard cash back credit cards airline credit cards cash credit card credit card rates student credit cards apply credit card online how to apply credit card interest free credit card secured credit card best travel credit card capital one credit card online credit card application credit cards with no annual fee new credit card offers apply online credit card credit card apply online best rewards credit card city credit card how to get a credit card credit card counseling rebate credit card mastercard debit card credit card debt best credit cards to apply for best credit cards apply for credit card online credit card apply how to apply for a credit card apply for new credit card credit card rebate best credit card comparison apply for visa card online cim credit card good credit cards credit card cash back best cash back credit cards mastercard credit card application credit card checker credit card mastercard instant credit card card compare credit card rewards programs compare the best credit cards apply visa card cash rebate credit card bankruptcy credit cards card offers instant approval credit cards credit card online application credit cards for students how to sign up for credit card uk credit cards credit card account about credit card visa card apply online credit card compare site secured mastercard visa card application credit card rewards credit rating how can we get credit card visa credit card rewards card online credit card processing capital credit card credit card visa consolidate credit cards credit card processing credit card reviews apply new credit card business credit card application credit cards with cash back credit card reader credit card instant approval online apply credit card bad credit credit cards credit card selection online visa card pay with credit card credit card charges visa or mastercard credit card machine apply a credit card small business credit cards prepaid debit cards visa debit card mbna credit card credit card terminal card credit application credit card generator credit card balance credit card numbers credit card transfer credit card interest rates credit card interest gold card credit card online best rate credit cards credit card low interest visa card online online credit card how to apply a credit card 0 interest credit cards debit card the cheapest car insurance cost of car insurance best car insurance quotes insurance auto insurance quotes car get car insurance quotes online car insurance agent instant car insurance quote car insurance websites direct car insurance insure a car motor car insurance quote cheap car insurance online quotes for car insurance car insurers commercial car insurance motor insurance quote car insurance quotes online get a quote online international health insurance compare car insurance quotes insurance for car compare car insurance car insurance buy life insurance online compare auto insurance international medical insurance general car insurance cheap motor insurance low car insurance car insurance comparison company car insurance budget car insurance private health insurance online quote car insurance cheap motor car insurance car insurance for new drivers cheap car insurance quotes online online car insurance quotes get car insurance quotes car insurance quotes comparison motor car insurance car insurance quotes car insurance cheap comprehensive car insurance best auto insurance short term health insurance motor insurance cheap online car insurance online motor insurance quotes car insurance california buycarinsurance online vehicle insurance free car insurance quotes landlord insurance health insurance for children motorbike insurance monthly car insurance car insurance usa car insurance reviews car insurance renewal quotes vehicle insurance health insurance rates term life insurance quotes vehicle insurance quotes car insurance compare motor vehicle insurance best car insurance motor insurance online quote car insurance online quote life insurance online supplemental health insurance best car insurance rates car insurance discounts motor vehicle insurance quotes auto insurance cheap travel insurance bike insurance travel medical insurance buy car insurance online online motor insurance travel insurance quote get a quote for car insurance health insurance agent car insurance companies cheap car insurance companies travel insurance annual travel insurance commercial vehicle insurance permanent life insurance medical insurance quotes online car insurance cheap car insurance quotes car insurance online quote insurance online level term life insurance health insurance comparison how much is car insurance travel health insurance pet health insurance quotes on cars health ins travel insurance uk quote for car insurance get insurance quote online disability insurance quote temporary health insurance temporary insurance rental car insurance cheap health insurance auto insurance compare third party car insurance buy health insurance auto insurance quotes cheap insurance companies best term life insurance personal health insurance online quote insurance car insurance premium health insurance policies quotes for cars whole life insurance credit insurance cheap van insurance cheap term life insurance cheap motorcycle insurance compare life insurance car insurance cover health insurance motorcycle insurance short term car insurance health insurance coverage insurance qoute cheap life insurance house insurance quote car insurance uk health insurance companies cigna health insurance cheap insurance cheap car insurance uk compare health insurance car insurance for young drivers short term insurance online health insurance caravan insurance life insurance comparison direct insurance health insurance plans motor insurance online car insurance estimator accident insurance home insurance quotes nj car insurance new car insurance private medical insurance home insurance car insurance brokers car insurance rates commercial insurance health insurance quotes motor insurance companies which car insurance car quotes online online auto insurance flood insurance cheap auto insurance quotes car insurance agencies business health insurance term life insurance truck insurance professional indemnity insurance life insurance car insurance policy long term care insurance drive insurance buy insurance car ins motorcycle insurance quote critical illness insurance term insurance student health insurance home insurance comparison insurance rates insurance cover holiday insurance insurance sites online vehicle insurance quotes company website home insurance rates compare insurance buy insurance online affordable medical insurance car insurance coverage product liability insurance home contents insurance buy life insurance renters insurance group health insurance family health insurance motor insurance quote online mortgage insurance best home insurance personal insurance medical insurance property insurance life insurance agent group insurance aetna health insurance cheap medical insurance liability insurance rental insurance life insurance policy group life insurance general liability insurance insurance quotes online all car insurance companies best health insurance insurance plans life insurance for seniors van insurance website quote universal life insurance building insurance co insurance insurance car car insurance prices disability insurance insurance vehicle cheap vehicle insurance senior life insurance medical insurance plans insurance health house insurance life insurance quotes car quotes cheap home insurance business insurance com bank credit card lowest credit card eligibility no fee credit cards best credit card compare how can i apply for credit card business credit cards cheapest credit card company credit card corporate credit card apply for a credit card online 0 apr credit cards how can i get credit card get a credit card open credit card usa credit card instant credit card approval store credit cards credit card shopping airline miles credit card frequent flyer credit cards hotel credit cards best credit card deals compare credit miles credit card credit card consolidation college student credit cards how do i apply for a credit card gold credit card how to open credit card apply for credit card eligibility for credit card credit card verification credit card offers online credit card application form which credit card to apply how can i get a credit card credit card online apply credit cards uk 0 credit cards looking for credit card offers credit card information bank credit card application travel credit cards what is a credit card credit card sign up master credit card cash back cards platinum credit card compare visa cards credit bank credit card no interest credit cards cheap credit cards 0 credit card offers online credit new credit cards application of credit card how to apply for credit card apply card credit online credit card deals premier credit card mastercard credit card how to get credit card apply credit card credit card application credit companies creditcard cash back credit cards airline credit cards cash credit card credit card rates student credit cards apply credit card online how to apply credit card interest free credit card secured credit card best travel credit card capital one credit card online credit card application credit cards with no annual fee new credit card offers apply online credit card credit card apply online best rewards credit card city credit card how to get a credit card credit card counseling rebate credit card mastercard debit card credit card debt best credit cards to apply for best credit cards apply for credit card online credit card apply how to apply for a credit card apply for new credit card credit card rebate best credit card comparison apply for visa card online cim credit card good credit cards credit card cash back best cash back credit cards mastercard credit card application credit card checker credit card mastercard instant credit card card compare credit card rewards programs compare the best credit cards apply visa card cash rebate credit card bankruptcy credit cards card offers instant approval credit cards credit card online application credit cards for students how to sign up for credit card uk credit cards credit card account about credit card visa card apply online credit card compare site secured mastercard visa card application credit card rewards credit rating how can we get credit card visa credit card rewards card online credit card processing capital credit card credit card visa consolidate credit cards credit card processing credit card reviews apply new credit card business credit card application credit cards with cash back credit card reader credit card instant approval online apply credit card bad credit credit cards credit card selection online visa card pay with credit card credit card charges visa or mastercard credit card machine apply a credit card small business credit cards prepaid debit cards visa debit card mbna credit card credit card terminal card credit application credit card generator credit card balance credit card numbers credit card transfer credit card interest rates credit card interest gold card credit card online best rate credit cards credit card low interest visa card online online credit card how to apply a credit card 0 interest credit cards debit card

Menguasai teknologi persenjataan merupakan salah satu faktor yang membuat Kekhalifahan Islam di masa kejayaan menjadi begitu tangguh. Selain mumpuni dalam seni pembuatan pedang, dunia Islam pun mampu menggenggam teknologi pembuatan bubuk mesiu – bahan peledak yang digunakan untuk meriam. Sesuatu yang baru diketahui peradaban Barat pada abad ke-14 M.

Meski sejumlah pakar bersepakat bahwa mesiu (gunpowder) pertama kali ditemukan peradaban Cina pada abad ke-9 M. Namun, fakta sejarah juga menyebutkan bahwa ahli kimia Muslim bernama Khalid bin Yazid (wafat tahun 709 M) sudah mengenal potassium nitrat (KNO3) bahan utama pembuat mesiu pada abad ke-7 M. Dua abad lebih cepat dari Cina.

”Rumus dan resepnya dapat ditemukan dalam karya-karya Jabir Ibnu Hayyan (wafat tahun 815 M), Abu Bakar Al-Razi (wafat tahun 932) dan ahli kimia Muslim lainnya,” papar Prof Al-Hassan. Dari abad ke abad, istilah potasium nitrat di dunia Islam selalu tampil dengan beragam nama seperti natrun, buraq, milh al-ha’it, shabb Yamani, serta nama lainnya.

Salah satu kelebihan peradaban Islam dibandingkan Cina dalam penguasaan teknologi pembuatan mesium adalah proses pemurnian potasium nitrat. Sebelum bisa digunakan secara efektif sebagai bahan utama pembuatan mesiu, papar Al-Hassan, potasium nitrat harus dimurnikan terlebih dahulu.

Ada dua proses pemurnian potasium nitrat yang tercantum dalam naskah berbahasa Arab. Proses pemurnian yang pertama dicetuskan Ibnu Bakhtawaih pada awal abad ke-11 M. Dalam kitab yang ditulisnya berjudul Al-Muqaddimat yang disusun pada tahun 402 H/1029 M, Ibnu Bakhtawaih menjelaskan tentang pembekuan air dengan menggunakan potasium nitrat – yang disebut sebagai shabb Yamani.

Proses pemurnian potasium nitrat juga termaktub dalam buku berjudul Al-Furusiyyah wa Al-Manasib Al-Harbiyyah karya Hasan Al-Rammah – ilmuwan Muslim pada abad ke-13 M. Dalam karyanya itu, Al-Rammah menjelaskan proses pemurnian potasium nitrat secara komplet. “Prosesnya purifikasi yang disusun Al-Rammah menjadi standar baku yang dapat kita temuka dalam beragaman risalah kemiliteran,” imbuh Prof Al-Hassan.

Al-Rammah menjelaskan secara rinci dan jelas tentang proses pemurnian potasium nitrat. Metode pembuatan potasium nitrat ini kerap diklaim peradaban Barat sebagai temuan Roger Bacon. Namun klaim itu dipatahkan sendiri oleh ilmuwan barat bernama Partington. “Proses pembuatan saltpetre – nama lain potasium nitrat – pertama kali diketahui dari Hasan Al-Rammah.

Prof Al-Hassan menemukan fakta bahwa potasium nitrat begitu banyak digunakan pada saat meletusnya Perang Salib. Pada tahun 1249 M, Raja Louis IX dari Prancis mengobarkan Perang Salib VII. Pasukan tentara Perang salib dari Prancis berniat menyerbu Mesir. Dalam Pertempuran Al-Mansurah yang meletus tahun 1250 M, pasukan tentara Salib dibuat kocar-kacir oleh pasukan Muslim.

Bahkan, Raja Louis IX pun takluk dan ditahan karena tak mampu menghadapi kehebatan mnocong meriam dan roket. Pada saat itu, pasukan Muslim sudah menggunakan bubuk mesiu sebagai bahan peledak meriam. Jean de Joinville, salah seorang perwira tentara Perang Salib, menjelaskan dengan betapa hebatnya dampak proyektil yang ditembakkan meriam tentara Muslim terhadap pasukan tentara Prancis.

Kalangan sejarawan menafsirkan kesaksian Joinville itu. Menurut para sejarawan, proyektil yang dijelaskan Joinville itu pastilah mengandung bubuk mesiu. Kehebatannya mampu membuat kocar-kacir pasukan tentara Salib. Lembaga Ruang Angkasa Amerika Serikat (NASA) dalam publikasinya mengenai sejarah roket juga mengakui teknologi militer dunia Islam di abad ke-13 M.

“Pasukan tentara Muslim melengkapi persenjataannya dengan roket yang ditemukannya sendiri. Saat Perang Salib VII mereka menggunakannya untuk melawan pasukan Prancis yang dipimpin Raja Louis IX.” Dua dasawarsa berikutnya Raja Louis mencoba kembali menyerang Tunisia.

perang meriamNamun, dendamnya itu justru berakhir dengan kematian baginya. Pasukan Muslim dibawah kekuasaan Dinasti Mamluk dengan mesiu dan senjatanya kembali membuat kocar-kacir tentara Salib. Sejarawan Inggris, Steven Runciman dalam bukunya A History of the Crusades menuturkan bahwa mesiu digunakan secara besar-besaran pada 1291 M di akhir Perang Salib.

Sejak itu, persenjataan militer menggunakan mesiu secara besar-besaran Pada tahun 1453 M, Sultan Muhammad II Al-Fatih dari Turki juga mampu menaklukkan kepongahan Konstantinopel dengan mesiu dan meriam raksasa. Dalam empat risalah berbahasa Arab disebutkan pada perang Ayn Jalut di Palestina pada tahun 1260 M antara tentara Islam sudah menggunakan meriam kecil yang bisa dijinjing saat bertempur melawan Mongol.

Meriam dan mesiu digunakan dalam peperang di abad pertengahan untuk menakuti kuda-kuda dan pasukan kavaleri musuh. Selain menggunakan mesiu untuk persenjataan, pada era itu juga digunakan untuk membuat mercon. Dinasti Mamluk dalam perayaan-perayaan di abad ke-14 M, dilaporkan biasa menampilkan atraksi petasan. Istilah petasan sudah disebutkan dalam harraqat al-naft or harraqat al-barud.

Seorang penjelajah asal Prancis bernama Bertrandon de la Brocquiere terperangah melihat pertunjukan petasan ketika tiba di Beirut pada tahun 1432 M. Saat itu, penduduk Beirut tengah bersuka cita merayakan hari Idul Fitri. Brocquiere mengaku baru pertama kali melihat pertunjukan mercon. Pada era itu bangsa Prancis belum mengenal dan melihat mercon.
Pada waktu itula, Brocquiere kemudian mencoba mempelajari rumus dan resep rahasia pembuatan mercon. Ia lalu membawa rumus-rumus yang diperolehnya ke Prancis. Sementara itu, untuk pertama kalinya mercon dikenal di Inggris pada tahun 1486 M ketika Henry VII menikah. Sejak era kekuasaan Ratu Elizabeth I, mercon dan kembang api mulai populer.

Sejak abad ke-13 M, peradaban Islam sudah mampu menyusun rumus dan komposisi mesiu serta bahan lainnya yang digunakan untuk membuat berbagai jenis bahan peledak. Peradaban Barat lalu meniru dan menggunakan teknologi yang dimiliki dan dikuasai umat Islam di era keemasan itu.

Meski berutang kepada peradaban Islam, pencapain sangat tinggi yang diraih umat Islam dalam teknologi pembuatan mesiu dan meriam kerap kali dihilangkan para sejarawan Barat. Sejarah Barat selalu menyebutkan sejarah mesiu dari Cina langsung ke Barat, tanpa menyebut pencapaian di dunia Islam. heri ruslan

Hasan Al-Rammah Sang Penemu Roket

rammahHasan Al-Rammah memang sungguh luar biasa. Pengetahuannya tentang bubuk mesiu sungguh sangat mengagumkan. Betapa tidak. Dalam bukunya berjudul Al-Furusiyyah wa Al-Manasib Al-Harbiyyah, ilmuwan Muslim kelahiran Suriah itu berhasail menulis sebanyak 107 rumus atau resep penggunaan mesiu.

Sebanyak 22 resep mesiu yang diraciknya khusus digunakan untuk roket. Menurut Al-Rammah, komposisi bahan untuk meluncurkan sebuah roket terdiri dari 75 persen potasium nitrat, 9,06 persen sulfur dan 15,94 persennya karbon. Perhitungan yang dilakukan Al-rammah pada abad ke-13 M itu sudah mampu mendekati komposisi ideal, yakni 75 persen potasium nitrat, 10 persen sulfur, dan 15 persen karbon.

Sisa rumus atau komposisi racikan mesiu lainnya yang dibuat Al-Rammah untuk kepentingan militer dan sisanya untuk membuat mercon. Ia menulis buku yang penting dan mengguncangkan itu antara tahun 1270 M hingga 1280 M. buku tersebut secara khusus ditulis atas permintaan seorang guru yang terkenal bernama Najm al-Din Hasan Al-Rammah.
Para sejarawan berpendapat, begitu banyaknya jumlah rumus penggunaan mesiu untuk beragam tipe persenjataan mengindikasikan bahwa Al-rammah tak menemukannya seorang diri. Dalam lembar pertama bukunya, Al-Rammah menyebut pengetahuan yang ditulisnya sebagai warisan pengetahuan. Bisa jadi semua pengetahuannya itu menurun dari sang kakek.

Sebab, pada akhir abad ke-12 M atau awal abad ke-13 M bubuk mesiu sudah dikenal di Suriah dan Mesir. Pencapaian Al-Rammah itu mendapat pengakuan dari peradaban Barat. Johnson mengatakan, dunia Islam merupakan peradaban yang pertama kali kali mengembangkan senjata yang sesungguhnya. Ia juga mampu menjelaskan saltpetre melalui proses kimia dan kristalisasi.

Al-Rammah juga tercatat sebagai seorang insinyur Muslim pertama yang mencetuskan dan menjelaskan tentang torpedo pada 1270 M. dalam bukunya, ia juga menggambarkan sebuah torpedo melesat dengan sebuah sistem roket yang diisi dengan bahan peledak dan memiliki tiga titik api.Al-Rammah memang bukanlah ilmuwan Muslim pertama yang mengenal potasium nitrat. Insinyur Muslim sebelumnya seperti Al-Razi, Al-Hamdani, dan risalah berbahasa Arab-Suriah pada abad ke-10 M itu sudah menjelaskan tentang potasium nitrat dan rumus-rumus tentang mesiu. Ibnu Al-Baitar juga telah mengungkapkan tentang potasium nitrat pada tahun 1240 M.

Peradaban Barat mengklaim bahwa Roger Bacon sebagai orang pertama yang menemukan mesiu. Namun ternyata, penemuan Bacon yang dibangga-banggakan Barat itu merupakan hasil jiplakan dari buku-buku kimia yang berasal dari Arab. Tak heran, jika para sejarawan meragukan kebenaran dan efektivitas rumus yang dihasilkan Bacon.
Ilmuwan Jerman, Albert Magnus juga menguasai mesiu dari ‘Liber Ignium’. Ternyata buku itu berasal dari terjemahan dari kitab bahasa Arab ke bahasa Spanyol. (-SejarahIslam)

Loading...